我一直在研究这个Udacity web dev course,并想尝试使用this example将一个简单的bokeh图嵌入到网页中。运行dev_appserver.py
会产生错误:ImportError: No module named _ctypes
我有:
This answer声明Google应用程序引擎不允许导入ctypes。但是我不确定如何确认博克的情况。这个错误是由Bokeh导入ctypes引起的吗?如果是这样的话,有工作吗?
ERROR 2017-01-21 19:14:53,799 wsgi.py:263]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 240, in Handle
handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler())
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 299, in _LoadHandler
handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler)
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 85, in LoadObject
obj = __import__(path[0])
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\main.py", line 2, in <module>
from bokeh.plotting import figure
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\plotting\__init__.py", line 2, in <module
>
from ..document import Document; Document
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\document.py", line 45, in <module>
from .core.json_encoder import serialize_json
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\core\json_encoder.py", line 43, in <modul
e>
import numpy as np
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
706, in load_module
module = self._find_and_load_module(fullname, fullname, [module_path])
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
447, in _find_and_load_module
return imp.load_module(fullname, source_file, path_name, description)
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\__init__.py", line 142, in <module>
from . import add_newdocs
INFO 2017-01-21 19:14:53,859 module.py:806] default: "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 -
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\add_newdocs.py", line 13, in <module>
from numpy.lib import add_newdoc
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\lib\__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from .type_check import *
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\lib\type_check.py", line 11, in <module>
import numpy.core.numeric as _nx
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\core\__init__.py", line 33, in <module>
from . import _internal # for freeze programs
File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\core\_internal.py", line 14, in <module>
import ctypes
File "D:\Python27\lib\ctypes\__init__.py", line 7, in <module>
from _ctypes import Union, Structure, Array
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
964, in load_module
raise ImportError('No module named %s' % fullname)
ImportError: No module named _ctypes
应用程序yaml:
runtime: python27
api_version: 1
threadsafe: true
handlers:
- url: /.*
script: main.app
libraries:
- name: jinja2
version: latest
- name: numpy
version: latest
主.py
import os, webapp2, jinja2
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.embed import components
plot = figure()
plot.circle([1,2], [3,4])
script, div = components(plot)
template_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')
jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(template_dir),
autoescape = True)
class Handler(webapp2.RequestHandler):
def write(self, *a, **kw):
self.response.write(*a, **kw)
def render_str(self, template, **kw):
t = jinja_env.get_template(template)
return t.render(kw)
def render(self, template, **kw):
self.write(self.render_str(template, **kw))
class MainPage(Handler):
def get(self):
self.render("chart.html", script = script, div = div)
app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([
('/', MainPage),
], debug=True)
查特.html
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<!-- Load BokehJS -->
<link
href="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.0.min.css"
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link
href="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.0.min.css"
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<script src="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.0.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.0.min.js"></script>
{{ script }}
{{ div }}
{% endblock %}
基.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Udacity Templates!</title>
</head>
<body style="margin: 0">
<h1 style="background-color: #ddd; color: #888; margin: 0; height: 50px">Udacity Templates</h1>
{% block content %}
{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
gcloud版本
更新1: 我已经卸载了numpy 1.12.0并安装了numpy1.6.1。我现在得到这个错误:
NP_MS_DELTA = np.timedelta64(1, 'ms')
TypeError: function takes at most 1 argument (2 given)
This状态numpy 1.6.1不能在标量构造函数中指定单位。这是否意味着Bokeh依赖于numpy>;1.6.1?
ERROR 2017-01-22 10:37:45,980 wsgi.py:263]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 240, in Handle
handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler())
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 299, in _LoadHandler
handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler)
File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 85, in LoadObject
obj = __import__(path[0])
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\main.py", line 2, in <module>
from bokeh.plotting import figure
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\plotting\__init__.py", line 2, in <module
>
from ..document import Document; Document
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\document.py", line 45, in <module>
from .core.json_encoder import serialize_json
File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\core\json_encoder.py", line 53, in <modul
e>
NP_MS_DELTA = np.timedelta64(1, 'ms')
TypeError: function takes at most 1 argument (2 given)
INFO 2017-01-22 10:37:46,170 module.py:806] default: "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 -
更新2:
这让我想起了我安装Bokeh的时候。下载依赖项numpy时,它似乎依赖于numpy>;=1.7.1:
Collecting numpy>=1.7.1 (from Bokeh)
编辑:请看下面的答案,从谷歌获得一个新的解决方法。
我可以明确声明Bokeh本身不直接在库中的任何地方使用
ctypes
。但它确实使用了NumPy,而且至少有些版本的NumPy确实使用了ctypes
?此链接:http://kawahara.ca/using-numpy-on-google-app-engine-with-the-anaconda-python-distribution/
似乎表明GAE上只支持NumPy的1.6版本。我可能认为这可能是因为那个版本没有使用ctypes,或者是因为Google特别地将那个版本白名单为可以接受的。
因此建议专门安装NumPy 1.6,而不是最新版本(使用pip或conda或其他什么)。
谷歌发布的解决方案如下:
https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/38290292
<sdk_root>\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py
找到
_WHITE_LIST_C_MODULES = [xxx]
的定义 在列表中添加以下两行:
为我工作。
我用了两次黑客攻击让dev服务器运行
这实际上是烧瓶引起的 新烧瓶使用名为click的库,该库使用ctypes Gae不允许ctypes 解决方案: 安装和旧版本的click with
这将修复ctypes,但会导致另一个错误
通过将这些行添加到appengine_config.py(与app.yaml位于同一文件夹中)可以很容易地解决这个问题
在此dev服务器启动并工作之后
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