shell中的错误：未声明显式app_标签，并且不在已安装的应用程序中的应用程序中

Question

我第一次试穿Django。阅读“两勺django1.11”一书。好书。由于只有编写脚本的经验和Python的新功能，我将尽最大努力遵循图书标准。在

用“cookiecutter django”发起的项目制作了一个简单的地址应用程序，并用时间模型进行了实验。在

非常适合makemigrations、migrate、admin和runserver。没有问题，而且效果很好。在

不过，在尝试csv导入并绑定到表单上的book示例时，我想从shell运行它进行测试。在

下面的内容可能过于冗长，但我不确定如何继续。在

python manage.py shell --settings=config.settings.local

导入所需代码时出错（任何其他窗体或模型都会得到相同的结果）：

In [1]: from address.forms import add_csv_postarea
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RuntimeError                              Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-1-f253686866ed> in <module>()
----> 1 from address.forms import add_csv_postarea

~/projects/myproject/myproject/address/forms.py in <module>()
      5 from django import forms
      6 
----> 7 from .models import PostArea, Address
      8 
      9 

~/projects/myproject/myproject/address/models.py in <module>()
      7 
      8 
----> 9 class Country(TimeStampedModel):
     10     """ ISO 3166 Country codes
     11         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1

~/.virtualenvs/myproject/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py in __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
    116                         "Model class %s.%s doesn't declare an explicit "
    117                         "app_label and isn't in an application in "
--> 118                         "INSTALLED_APPS." % (module, name)
    119                     )
    120 

RuntimeError: Model class address.models.Country doesn't declare an explicit app_label and isn't in an application in INSTALLED_APPS.

上面提到的模型还没有实现，但是如果我注释掉这个模型，下一个模型postrea也会有同样的问题。在

以下是我的相关设置：

配置/设置/基准.py在

^{pr2}$

配置/网址.py在

urlpatterns = [
    ...
    # Your stuff: custom urls includes go here
    url(r'^address/', include('myproject.address.urls', namespace='address')),

我的项目/地址/表单.py在

import csv

from django.utils.six import StringIO

from django import forms

from .models import PostArea, Address


class AddressForm(forms.ModelForm):

    class Meta:

        model = Address
        fields = ['line1', 'line2', 'post_area']


class PostAreaForm(forms.ModelForm):

    class Meta:

        model = PostArea
        fields = ['code', 'name']


def add_csv_postarea(rows):
    """ Two Scoops of Django 1.11 - page 167
        Importing Postal addresses from a CSV file

        Data source: https://data.norge.no/data/posten-norge/postnummer-i-norge
    """

    rows = StringIO(rows)

    records_added = 0
    errors = []

    # Generate a dict per row, overriding the first CSV row missing keys
    for row in csv.DictReader(rows, fieldnames=('code', 'name')):

        # Bind the row to PostAreaForm
        form = PostAreaForm(row)
        # Check to see if the row is valid
        if form.is_valid():
            # Row data is valid so save the record.
            form.save()
            records_added += 1
        else:
            errors.append(form.errors)

    return records_added, errors

我的项目/地址/模型.py在

import uuid as uuid_lib

from django.db import models
from django.urls import reverse

from core.models import TimeStampedModel


class Country(TimeStampedModel):
    """ ISO 3166 Country codes
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1
    """
    iso_2 = models.CharField(max_length=2, null=False)
    iso_3 = models.CharField(max_length=3, null=False)
    iso_numeric = models.CharField(max_length=3, null=False)
    name_gb = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    name_no = models.CharField(max_length=30)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.iso_2

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "Country"
        verbose_name_plural = "Countries"


class PostArea(TimeStampedModel):
    """ Norwegian PostArea code and are
        Foreign keys linking connected municipals
    """

    code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.code

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "Postal area"
        verbose_name_plural = "Postal Areas"


class Address(TimeStampedModel):
    """ Reusable Entities Addresses with relations to
            - PostArea
            - Country
    """

    uuid = models.UUIDField(
        primary_key=True,
        default=uuid_lib.uuid4(),
        editable=False
    )
    line1 = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    line2 = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)
    post_area = models.ForeignKey(
        PostArea,
        on_delete=models.PROTECT,
        null=True,
    )

    def __str__(self):
        return self.line1

    def post_name_callable(self):
        return self.post_area.name

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('address:detail', kwargs={'pk': self.uuid})

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "Address"
        verbose_name_plural = "Addresses"

Answer 1

在你的INSTALLED_APPS中，你已经包括了myproject.address。因此，导入时应该使用myproject.address，而不是{}。在

例如，改变

from address.forms import add_csv_postarea

到

^{2}$

我不知道为什么您的项目布局允许您导入与myproject和myproject.address相同的模块。在Django的早期，这样做很容易导致奇怪的错误，但是在django1.4中，默认的项目布局被更改以避免这种情况。在