在用f2py包装的模块中包含一个编译的模块（最小工作示例）？

Question

我试过，但失败了，以获得一个最低限度的工作榜样。由于我不需要向python公开太多fortran代码，所以不需要f2py来包装它的大部分内容。另外，由于传递了可分配数组并使用了派生类型，我特别希望f2py只包装我创建的接口模块（在下面的示例“main.f90”）。但是我在获取其他模块时遇到了一些问题，这些模块是我单独编译来链接到我的主模块的。在

代码：

注意所有源文件都在一个目录中。在

我已经创建了一个要编译的fortran模块（libtest.f90）：

module testmod
implicit none
contains

  subroutine testsub(arr)
    real, allocatable, intent(in) :: arr(:,:)
    print *, 'testsub executed'
  end subroutine testsub

end module testmod

还有一个fortran模块，我想用f2py包装（main.f90）：

^{pr2}$

我使用以下编译命令：

gfortran -c -fPIC libtest.f90

生成'libtest.o'和'测试模块'和

f2py -c --fcompiler=gfortran -L. -I. -llibtest -m Main main.f90

这给了我“ld:library not found for-llibtest”。在

我不明白为什么会发生这种情况，因为它似乎对其他人（F2PY doesn't find a module）. 如果去掉-llibtest，我当然会得到（在python脚本中）：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./script.py", line 7, in <module>
    import Main
ImportError: dlopen(/Users/gmueller/Workspace/Minimum_PySpin/Main.so, 2): Symbol not found: ___testmod_MOD_testsub
  Referenced from: /Users/gmueller/Workspace/Minimum_PySpin/Main.so
  Expected in: dynamic lookup

编辑：请注意，我使用的是OSX（10.9.5），以防产生一些差异（但不应该，因为我不需要将任何-shared（linux）或-dynamiclib（OSX）传递给gfortran，对吗？）。在

这里是f2py的完整输出：

f2py -c --fcompiler=gfortran -L. -I. -llibtest -m Main main.f90
Unknown vendor: "gfortran"
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "Main" sources
f2py options: []
f2py:> /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
Reading fortran codes...
    Reading file 'main.f90' (format:free)
Post-processing...
    Block: Main
            Block: mainmod
In: :Main:main.f90:mainmod
get_useparameters: no module testmod info used by mainmod
                Block: mainsub
In: :Main:main.f90:mainmod:mainsub
get_useparameters: no module testmod info used by mainsub
Post-processing (stage 2)...
    Block: Main
        Block: unknown_interface
            Block: mainmod
                Block: mainsub
Building modules...
    Building module "Main"...
        Constructing F90 module support for "mainmod"...
            Constructing wrapper function "mainmod.mainsub"...
              mainsub()
    Wrote C/API module "Main" to file "/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c"
    Fortran 90 wrappers are saved to "/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.f90"
  adding '/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.c' to sources.
  adding '/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7' to include_dirs.
copying /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.c -> /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
copying /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.h -> /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
  adding '/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.f90' to sources.
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_ext
customize UnixCCompiler
customize UnixCCompiler using build_ext
customize Gnu95FCompiler
Found executable /usr/local/bin/gfortran
customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext
building 'Main' extension
compiling C sources
C compiler: gcc -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -dynamic -g -O2 -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes

creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
compile options: '-I. -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7 -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include/python2.7 -c'
gcc: /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.c
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.c:2:
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:17:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1804:
/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
1 warning generated.
gcc: /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c:17:
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:17:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1804:
/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
1 warning generated.
compiling Fortran 90 module sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I. -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7 -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include/python2.7 -c'
extra options: '-J/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/ -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/'
gfortran:f90: main.f90
compiling Fortran sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I. -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7 -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include/python2.7 -c'
extra options: '-J/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/ -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/'
gfortran:f90: /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.f90
/usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -Wall -g -undefined dynamic_lookup -bundle /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/main.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.o -L. -L/usr/local/lib/gcc/x86_64-apple-darwin/4.8.2 -llibtest -lgfortran -o ./Main.so
ld: library not found for -llibtest
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
ld: library not found for -llibtest
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
error: Command "/usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -Wall -g -undefined dynamic_lookup -bundle /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/main.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.o -L. -L/usr/local/lib/gcc/x86_64-apple-darwin/4.8.2 -llibtest -lgfortran -o ./Main.so" failed with exit status 1

Answer 1

你的命令：

gfortran -c -fPIC libtest.f90

生成具有位置无关代码的对象文件。这是共享库的先决条件，而不是共享库。在

如果要按原样使用对象，可以修改f2py调用：

^{pr2}$

这将链接对象文件并生成文件Main.cpython-33.so（python版本号可能因您而异），然后您可以在python代码中import main。在

---

如果您希望实际生成一个共享对象，则需要编译到一个共享库。一种方法是：

gfortran -shared -O2 -o libtest.so -fPIC libtest.f90

这将产生libtest.so，现在您原来的f2py命令只需做一个小的更改即可工作：

f2py -c  fcompiler=gfortran -L. -I. -ltest -m Main main.f90

我所指的小变化是将-llibtest改为-ltest，因为-l选项将把lib添加到库的前面，.so将查找{}。这将产生Main.cpython-33.so，并对libtest.so进行动态链接依赖，因此您需要分发这两个共享库才能使用python模块。在