Python闭包相比于语言X的闭包有什么限制?
X可以是任何一种编程语言(比如C#、Javascript、Lisp、Perl、Ruby、Scheme等),只要它支持某种形式的闭包。
在Python中的闭包这篇文章中提到了一些限制(与Ruby的闭包相比),不过这篇文章比较旧,很多限制在现代的Python中已经不存在了。
如果能看到一个具体限制的代码示例,那就太好了。
相关问题:
7 个回答
6
Python 的闭包有一个限制,跟 Javascript 的闭包比起来,就是它不能有效地实现数据隐藏。
Javascript
var mksecretmaker = function(){
var secrets = [];
var mksecret = function() {
secrets.push(Math.random())
}
return mksecret
}
var secretmaker = mksecretmaker();
secretmaker(); secretmaker()
// privately generated secret number list
// is practically inaccessible
Python
import random
def mksecretmaker():
secrets = []
def mksecret():
secrets.append(random.random())
return mksecret
secretmaker = mksecretmaker()
secretmaker(); secretmaker()
# "secrets" are easily accessible,
# it's difficult to hide something in Python:
secretmaker.__closure__[0].cell_contents # -> e.g. [0.680752847190161, 0.9068475951742101]
6
我看到的关于Python的一个常见问题,就是有些人试图把一些不太符合函数特性的东西,比如重新给变量赋值,和闭包(closure)混在一起用,结果发现这样不太好使,感到很惊讶:
def outer ():
x = 1
def inner ():
print x
x = 2
return inner
outer () ()
通常,只要提醒一下函数有自己的局部变量,这样的错误就能避免了。
45
目前最重要的限制是,你不能给外部作用域的变量赋值。换句话说,闭包中的变量是只读的:
>>> def outer(x):
... def inner_reads():
... # Will return outer's 'x'.
... return x
... def inner_writes(y):
... # Will assign to a local 'x', not the outer 'x'
... x = y
... def inner_error(y):
... # Will produce an error: 'x' is local because of the assignment,
... # but we use it before it is assigned to.
... tmp = x
... x = y
... return tmp
... return inner_reads, inner_writes, inner_error
...
>>> inner_reads, inner_writes, inner_error = outer(5)
>>> inner_reads()
5
>>> inner_writes(10)
>>> inner_reads()
5
>>> inner_error(10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 11, in inner_error
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment
在一个局部作用域(比如一个函数)中被赋值的变量,默认都是局部的,除非你特别声明。虽然有一个叫做'global'的声明,可以让你把变量声明为全局的,即使它被赋值了,但对于封闭变量(即在闭包中使用的变量)来说,目前还没有这样的声明。不过在Python 3.0中,会有一个'nonlocal'的声明来解决这个问题。
在此之前,你可以通过使用可变容器类型来绕过这个限制:
>>> def outer(x):
... x = [x]
... def inner_reads():
... # Will return outer's x's first (and only) element.
... return x[0]
... def inner_writes(y):
... # Will look up outer's x, then mutate it.
... x[0] = y
... def inner_error(y):
... # Will now work, because 'x' is not assigned to, just referenced.
... tmp = x[0]
... x[0] = y
... return tmp
... return inner_reads, inner_writes, inner_error
...
>>> inner_reads, inner_writes, inner_error = outer(5)
>>> inner_reads()
5
>>> inner_writes(10)
>>> inner_reads()
10
>>> inner_error(15)
10
>>> inner_reads()
15