如何克隆或复制列表

2024-04-26 22:30:18 发布

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在Python中克隆或复制列表有哪些选项?

在使用new_list = my_list时,对new_list的任何修改每次都会改变my_list。 这是为什么?


Tags: 列表newmy选项list
3条回答

费利克斯已经给出了一个很好的答案,但我想我应该对各种方法做一个速度比较:

  1. 10.59秒(105.9us/itn)-^{}
  2. 10.16秒(101.6us/itn)-纯pythonCopy()方法使用deepcopy复制类
  3. 1.488秒(14.88us/itn)-纯pythonCopy()方法,不复制类(仅dict/list/tuple)
  4. 0.325秒(3.25us/itn)-for item in old_list: new_list.append(item)
  5. 0.217秒(2.17us/itn)-[i for i in old_list](alist comprehension
  6. 0.186秒(1.86us/itn)-^{}
  7. 0.075秒(0.75us/itn)-list(old_list)
  8. 0.053秒(0.53us/itn)-new_list = []; new_list.extend(old_list)
  9. 0.039秒(0.39us/itn)-old_list[:]list slicing

所以最快的是列表切片。但是请注意copy.copy()list[:]list(list)copy.deepcopy()不同,python版本不会复制列表中的任何列表、字典和类实例,因此如果原始实例发生更改,它们也会在复制的列表中更改,反之亦然。

(如果有人感兴趣或想提出任何问题,请看下面的脚本:)

from copy import deepcopy

class old_class:
    def __init__(self):
        self.blah = 'blah'

class new_class(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.blah = 'blah'

dignore = {str: None, unicode: None, int: None, type(None): None}

def Copy(obj, use_deepcopy=True):
    t = type(obj)

    if t in (list, tuple):
        if t == tuple:
            # Convert to a list if a tuple to 
            # allow assigning to when copying
            is_tuple = True
            obj = list(obj)
        else: 
            # Otherwise just do a quick slice copy
            obj = obj[:]
            is_tuple = False

        # Copy each item recursively
        for x in xrange(len(obj)):
            if type(obj[x]) in dignore:
                continue
            obj[x] = Copy(obj[x], use_deepcopy)

        if is_tuple: 
            # Convert back into a tuple again
            obj = tuple(obj)

    elif t == dict: 
        # Use the fast shallow dict copy() method and copy any 
        # values which aren't immutable (like lists, dicts etc)
        obj = obj.copy()
        for k in obj:
            if type(obj[k]) in dignore:
                continue
            obj[k] = Copy(obj[k], use_deepcopy)

    elif t in dignore: 
        # Numeric or string/unicode? 
        # It's immutable, so ignore it!
        pass 

    elif use_deepcopy: 
        obj = deepcopy(obj)
    return obj

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import copy
    from time import time

    num_times = 100000
    L = [None, 'blah', 1, 543.4532, 
         ['foo'], ('bar',), {'blah': 'blah'},
         old_class(), new_class()]

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        Copy(L)
    print 'Custom Copy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        Copy(L, use_deepcopy=False)
    print 'Custom Copy Only Copying Lists/Tuples/Dicts (no classes):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        copy.copy(L)
    print 'copy.copy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        copy.deepcopy(L)
    print 'copy.deepcopy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        L[:]
    print 'list slicing [:]:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        list(L)
    print 'list(L):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        [i for i in L]
    print 'list expression(L):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        a.extend(L)
    print 'list extend:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        for y in L:
            a.append(y)
    print 'list append:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        a.extend(i for i in L)
    print 'generator expression extend:', time()-t

我有been told那个Python 3.3+adds ^{}方法,应该和切片一样快:

newlist = old_list.copy()

使用new_list = my_list,实际上没有两个列表。赋值只是将引用复制到列表,而不是实际的列表,因此new_listmy_list在赋值之后都引用同一个列表。

要实际复制列表,您有多种可能性:

  • 您可以使用内置的^{}方法(从Python 3.3开始提供):

    new_list = old_list.copy()
    
  • 你可以切开它:

    new_list = old_list[:]
    

    Alex Martelli's关于这个的观点(至少是back in 2007)是,这是一个奇怪的语法,使用它是没有意义的。(在他看来,下一个更具可读性)。

  • 您可以使用内置的^{}函数:

    new_list = list(old_list)
    
  • 您可以使用泛型^{}

    import copy
    new_list = copy.copy(old_list)
    

    这比list()慢一点,因为它必须首先找出old_list的数据类型。

  • 如果列表包含对象,并且您也想复制它们,请使用泛型^{}

    import copy
    new_list = copy.deepcopy(old_list)
    

    显然是最慢最需要记忆的方法,但有时不可避免。

示例:

import copy

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, val):
         self.val = val

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self.val)

foo = Foo(1)

a = ['foo', foo]
b = a.copy()
c = a[:]
d = list(a)
e = copy.copy(a)
f = copy.deepcopy(a)

# edit orignal list and instance 
a.append('baz')
foo.val = 5

print('original: %r\n list.copy(): %r\n slice: %r\n list(): %r\n copy: %r\n deepcopy: %r'
      % (a, b, c, d, e, f))

结果:

original: ['foo', 5, 'baz']
list.copy(): ['foo', 5]
slice: ['foo', 5]
list(): ['foo', 5]
copy: ['foo', 5]
deepcopy: ['foo', 1]

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