电子邮件字段中的Django UniqueConstraint错误（sendgrid验证电子邮件）

Question

我正在尝试对我的django项目实施sendgrid电子邮件验证。 我一直在学习https://www.twilio.com/blog/send-dynamic-emails-python-twilio-sendgrid教程。我有相应的模型和视图设置，但是，当尝试两次使用同一电子邮件地址时，我会遇到UniqueConstraint错误（尽管我的模型的电子邮件字段设置为unique=True）。我希望应用程序能阻止用户两次添加同一封电子邮件，而不是出现UniqueConstraint错误。我尝试将清除的_数据用于表单，但无论如何我都无法通过此UniqueConstraint错误

我的错误： 异常类型：IntegrityError 异常值：
唯一约束失败：newsletter\u newsletteruser.email

My models.py:

from django.db import models

class NewsletterUser (models.Model):
    email= models.EmailField(unique=True)
    date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    conf_num = models.CharField(max_length=15)
    confirmed = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.email + " (" + ("not " if not self.confirmed else "") + "confirmed)"

我的管理员py

from .models import NewsletterUser, MailMessage


# Register your models here.
class NewsletterAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('email','date_added','conf_num', 'confirmed')

admin.site.register(NewsletterUser, NewsletterAdmin)
admin.site.register(MailMessage)

我的观点。py

from django.db.models.fields import EmailField
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from sendgrid.helpers.mail.bcc_email import Bcc
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .forms import NewsletterUserForm, MailMessageForm
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
import os
from sendgrid import SendGridAPIClient
from sendgrid.helpers.mail import Mail, Email, Content, To
from .models import NewsletterUser
from django import forms
import pandas as pd
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.conf import settings
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
import random
from sendgrid import SendGridAPIClient

# Create your views here.

#!REGISTER CURRENT HOST!
host = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/'

# Helper Functions
def random_digits():
    return "%0.12d" % random.randint(0, 999999999999)

@csrf_exempt
def newsletters(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        sub = NewsletterUser(email=request.POST['email'], conf_num=random_digits())
        sub.save()
        message = Mail(
            from_email='pasiekaradosc@gmail.com',
            to_emails=sub.email,
            subject='Potwierdzenie Adresu Email w Newsletterze Pasieka Radość',
            html_content= "<h1>Dziękujemy za zapisanie się do newslettera Pasieka Radość!<h1> \
                <h2>Aby potwierdzić rejestrację newslettera</h2> \
                <h2><a href='{}confirm/?email={}&conf_num={}'> Kliknij w poniższy link</a>.<h2>".format(request.build_absolute_uri(host),
                                                    sub.email,
                                                    sub.conf_num))
        sg = SendGridAPIClient(os.environ.get('SENDGRID_API_KEY'))
        response = sg.send(message)
        return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'email': sub.email, 'action': 'wysłano', 'form': NewsletterUserForm()})
    else:
        return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'form': NewsletterUserForm()})

def confirm(request):
    sub = NewsletterUser.objects.get(email=request.GET['email'])
    if sub.conf_num == request.GET['conf_num']:
        sub.confirmed = True
        sub.save()
        messages.success(request, f'Dziękujemy za zapisanie adresu email do naszego newslettera!')
        return render(request, 'pages/home.html' , {'email': sub.email, 'action': 'confirmed'})

我的表单.py

from django import forms
from .models import NewsletterUser, MailMessage


class NewsletterUserForm (forms.ModelForm):
    email = forms.EmailField(label='Twój email',
                             max_length=100,
                             widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    
    class Meta:
        model = NewsletterUser
        fields = ['email']

我的html模板（newsletter.html）

{% extends "base.html" %}
{% load crispy_forms_tags %}

{% block content%}

<h1> {{title}} </h1>
<h4>Zapisz się do newslettera i odbieraj najświeższe informacje dotyczące naszej pasieki i oferty.</h4>
<div class="col-12">

    {% if email %}
    <p class="alert alert-info">Na {{ email }} {{ action }} wiadomość weryfikacyjną. Otwórz wiadomość i kliknij w link aby dodać adres do newslettera. </p>
    {% endif %}

<form method="POST" autocomplete="off">
    {% csrf_token %}
        <div class="col-sm-4">
            {{form|crispy}}
        </div>
    <br>
    <div class="col-sm-4">
        <input class="btn btn-info" type='submit' value='Zapisz Się'>
    </div>

</form>
<br>
<div class="row">
    <div class="col-sm-4">
        <p>Spokojnie, nie będziemy wysyłać Ci tony niepotrzebnych wiadomości. Zapisz się do newslettera i dowiedz się pierwszy/pierwsza, kiedy w naszej pasiecie pojawi się nowa dostawa miodów lub innych interesujących produktów.</p>
    </div>

</div>
 
  
    
</div>

{% endblock content %}

我是django和sendgrid的新手，所以我想知道我是否需要以某种方式完全重新构建代码，或者我可以采取一些步骤使其像上面那样工作。如果有任何提示，请分享。多谢各位

Answer 1

Twilio SendGrid开发者福音传道者

我相信Django在这里的表现和预期的一样。从the Django documentation：

If you try to save a model with a duplicate value in a unique field, a django.db.IntegrityError will be raised by the model’s save() method.

您需要做的是捕获该IntegrityError，然后向用户返回一个错误

@csrf_exempt
def newsletters(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        sub = NewsletterUser(email=request.POST['email'], conf_num=random_digits())
        try:
            sub.save()
            message = Mail(
                from_email='pasiekaradosc@gmail.com',
                to_emails=sub.email,
                subject='Potwierdzenie Adresu Email w Newsletterze Pasieka Radość',
                html_content= "<h1>Dziękujemy za zapisanie się do newslettera Pasieka Radość!<h1> \
                    <h2>Aby potwierdzić rejestrację newslettera</h2> \
                    <h2><a href='{}confirm/?email={}&conf_num={}'> Kliknij w poniższy link</a>.<h2>".format(request.build_absolute_uri(host),
                                                        sub.email,
                                                        sub.conf_num))
            sg = SendGridAPIClient(os.environ.get('SENDGRID_API_KEY'))
            response = sg.send(message)
            return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'email': sub.email, 'action': 'wysłano', 'form': NewsletterUserForm()})
      except IntegrityError as ex:
          # Return the error to your user
    else:
        return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'form': NewsletterUserForm()})

我已经在上面的代码中添加了try/except，您需要在except块中填写电子邮件不唯一时的操作