如何在tkinter中处理来自不同类的回调和事件绑定？

Question

根据Bryan Oakley对这篇文章的回答Best way to structure a tkinter application?，我想将tab1的内容移动到它自己的类中，但是让say_hello和get_item保持原样。我该怎么做

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk, N, S, END, EXTENDED

class MainApplication(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, root, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, root, *args, **kwargs)
        self.root = root
        self.nb = ttk.Notebook(root)

        self.tab1 = ttk.Frame(self.nb)
        self.tab2 = ttk.Frame(self.nb)

        self.nb.add(self.tab1, text='TAB1')
        self.nb.add(self.tab2, text='TAB2')

        self.nb.grid(row=0, column=0)

        #contents of tab1 - which I would like to place in their own class
        self.frame = tk.Frame(self.tab1)
        self.frame.grid(row=0, column=0)

        self.button = tk.Button(self.frame, text='Hello', command=self.say_hello)
        self.button.grid(row=0, column=0)

        self.items = ['A','B','C']

        self.listbox = tk.Listbox(self.frame, selectmode=EXTENDED, exportselection=0)
        self.listbox.grid(row=1, column=0)

        self.scrollbar = tk.Scrollbar(self.frame, orient='vertical')
        self.scrollbar.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S)
        self.listbox.config(yscrollcommand=self.scrollbar.set)
        self.scrollbar.config(command=self.listbox.yview)
        self.listbox.bind('<<ListboxSelect>>', self.get_item)

        for item in self.items:
            self.listbox.insert(END, item) 


        #contents of tab2 - which should be in their own class
        #...
        #...


    def say_hello(self):
        print('hello')

    def get_item(self, evt):
        w = evt.widget
        index = int(w.curselection()[0])
        print('item selected = {}'.format(self.items[index]))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    root = tk.Tk() 
    MainApplication(root)
    root.mainloop()

编辑：

感谢萨阿德的详细回复。我运行了你的代码，研究了它，学到了很多东西。然而，我修改了我的问题，使其更加集中

Answer 1

据我所说，我认为每个人都有自己的写作风格，组织他们的文件和课程。我组织代码的方式可能不是最好的。但我会尽我最大的努力使它更有条理，更简单。尽管没有关于如何组织Tkinter应用程序的硬性规定。但是，是的，OOP是组织大型项目的最佳方式，因为它们使代码更小，更容易理解

您可以在一个单独的文件（tab1.py，tab2.py，…）中为每个选项卡(Tab1, Tab2, ..)创建一个类，但我更希望将所有选项卡都放在一个名为tabs.py的文件中。这样我就可以像这样导入它们

import tabs

tabs.Tab1()
tabs.Tab2()
...

请仔细阅读代码中的每条注释和我的观点，以获得您的大部分答案。

我已将您的代码分为4部分

1. 首先，我为所有选项卡创建了一个基本框架类在这个基本框架类中，我们可以配置所有选项卡共同需要的东西。例如，假设您希望每个选项卡中都有一个具有背景颜色浅黄色的框架。因此，您可以创建一个基类，并将其作为baseframe.py放在一个单独的文件中。就像这样

   # baseframe.py
   import tkinter as tk
   
   class BaseFrame(tk.Frame):
       "This is a base frame for Tabs."
       def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
           super().__init__(master=master, **kw)
           # This will be your baseframe, if you need it.
           # Do something here that is common for all tabs.
           # for example if you want to have the same color for every tab.
   
           # These are just some example, change it as per your need.
           self['bg'] = 'lightyellow'
           self['relief'] = 'sunken'
           self['borderwidth'] = 5
           ...
   
       def show_info(self):
           "This function is common to every tab"
           # You don't necessarily need this, 
           # This is just to show you the possibilities.
   
           # Do something in this function, that you want to have in every tab.
           ...
           ...
           print('show_info', self)
           return
   

2. Would it make sense to have a separate file with a function in it for creating a generic Listbox?

   我认为一个CustomListbox类会很好，你可以很有创造性地创建这个类，但我保持它的简单性。我在CustomListbox类中添加了一个滚动条，并对其进行了配置

   您可以为此创建文件customlistbox.py。或者将baseframe.py的名称更改为basewidgets.py，并将BaseFrame和CustomListbox保存在一个文件中

   # customlistbox.py
   import tkinter as tk
   
   class CustomListbox(tk.Listbox):
       "Tkinter listbox which has vertical scrollbar configured."
       def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
           super().__init__(master=master, cnf=cnf, **kw)
           # Config scrollbar
           self.scrollbar = tk.Scrollbar(self.master,orient='vertical',command=self.yview)
           self.config(yscrollcommand=self.scrollbar.set)
   

   请参见选项卡类中的如何使用它

3. 这里是tabs.py文件

   # tabs.py
   import tkinter as tk
   from baseframe import BaseFrame
   from customlistbox import CustomListbox
   from tkinter import ttk, N, S, END, EXTENDED
   
   class Tab1(BaseFrame):
       "This is Tab 1."
       def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
           super().__init__(master=master, **kw)
           self.button2 = tk.Button(self,text='Welcome to Tab1', command=self.show_info)
           self.button2.grid(row=0, column=0)
           self.button = tk.Button(self, text='Hello', command=self.say_hello)
           self.button.grid(row=1, column=0)
   
           self.items = ['A','B','C']
   
           self.listbox = CustomListbox(self, selectmode=EXTENDED, exportselection=0)
           self.listbox.grid(row=2, column=0)
           self.listbox.scrollbar.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S)
           self.listbox.bind("<<ListboxSelect>>", self.get_item)
   
           for item in self.items:
               self.listbox.insert(END, item)
   
       def say_hello(self):
           "Callback function for button."
           print('hello')
   
       def get_item(self, evt):
           "Internal function."
           w = evt.widget
           index = int(w.curselection()[0])
           print('item selected = {}'.format(self.items[index]))
   
   class Tab2(BaseFrame):
       "This is Tab2."
       def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
           super().__init__(master=master, **kw)
           self.button = tk.Button(self,text='Welcome to Tab2', command=self.show_info)
           self.button.grid(row=0, column=0)
   

4. 最后是main.py文件。您可以在这里导入选项卡（import tabs）。我根据自己的意愿组织了MainApplication课程。例如，我没有为选项卡创建每个实例（self.tab1，self.tab2，…），而是创建了一个列表self.tabs来包含所有选项卡，这更便于通过self.tabs的index访问

   # main.py
   import tkinter as tk
   import tabs as tb
   from tkinter import ttk, N, S, END, EXTENDED
   
   
   class MainApplication(ttk.Notebook):
       def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
           super().__init__(master=master, **kw)
           self.master = master
           self.tabs = []  # All tabs list, easier to access.
   
           # Add tabs here.
           self.add_tab(tb.Tab1, text='TAB1')
           self.add_tab(tb.Tab2, text='TAB2')
           ...
           ...
   
           # Excess methods of Tabs:-
           self.tabs[0].say_hello()
           self.tabs[1].show_info()
   
           # for example: Bind say_hello() with "Button-2" to this class.
           self.bind('<Button-2>', lambda evt: self.tabs[0].say_hello())
   
   
       def add_tab(self, tab, **kw):
           "Adds tab to the notebook."
           self.tabs.append(tab(self))
           self.add(self.tabs[-1], **kw)
   
   
   if __name__ == "__main__":
       root = tk.Tk()
   
       # Creating an container.
       container = tk.Frame(root)
       container.grid()
   
       # Initializing the app.
       app = MainApplication(container)
       app.grid()
   
      root.mainloop()
   

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希望这能让你明白很多事情