SQLAlchemy 多对多关联表中的关系

Question

我正在尝试建立一个与另一个多对多关系的关联，代码大致是这样的：

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey, Table, ForeignKeyConstraint, create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref, scoped_session, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

Base = declarative_base()

supervision_association_table = Table('supervision', Base.metadata,
    Column('supervisor_id', Integer, ForeignKey('supervisor.id'), primary_key=True),
    Column('client_id', Integer, ForeignKey('client.id'), primary_key=True)
)

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'user'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

class Supervisor(User):
    __tablename__ = 'supervisor'
    __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'supervisor'}

    id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), primary_key = True)

    schedules = relationship("Schedule", backref='supervisor')

class Client(User):
    __tablename__ = 'client'
    __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'client'}

    id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), primary_key = True)

    supervisor = relationship("Supervisor", secondary=supervision_association_table,
                                backref='clients')
    schedules = relationship("Schedule", backref="client")

class Schedule(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'schedule'
    __table_args__ = (
        ForeignKeyConstraint(['client_id', 'supervisor_id'], ['supervision.client_id', 'supervision.supervisor_id']),
    )

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    client_id = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
    supervisor_id = Column(Integer, nullable=False)

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///temp.db')
db_session = scoped_session(sessionmaker(bind=engine))
Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

我想做的是将一个日程安排与特定的客户-监督者关系关联起来，但我还没有找到具体的方法。在查看SQLAlchemy的文档时，我发现了一些提示，这些提示导致我在日程表上使用了ForeignKeyConstraint（外键约束）。

我该如何指定这个关系，以便它能够正常工作呢？

Answer 1

你需要把 supervision_association_table 进行映射，这样你才能创建与它之间的关系。

我可能有点忽略了什么，但看起来因为你这里是多对多的关系，所以其实不能直接有 Client.schedules。比如说，如果我执行 Client.schedules.append(some_schedule)，那“supervision”表中的哪一行是它指向的呢？

下面的例子提供了一个只读的“汇总”访问器，它可以连接每个 SupervisorAssociation 的 Schedule 集合。这里使用了 association_proxy 扩展，方便的时候可以隐藏 SupervisionAssociation 对象的细节。

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey, Table, ForeignKeyConstraint, create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref, scoped_session, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.ext.associationproxy import association_proxy
from itertools import chain

Base = declarative_base()

class SupervisionAssociation(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'supervision'

    supervisor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('supervisor.id'), primary_key=True)
    client_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('client.id'), primary_key=True)

    supervisor = relationship("Supervisor", backref="client_associations")
    client = relationship("Client", backref="supervisor_associations")
    schedules = relationship("Schedule")

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'user'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

class Supervisor(User):
    __tablename__ = 'supervisor'
    __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'supervisor'}

    id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), primary_key = True)

    clients = association_proxy("client_associations", "client", 
                        creator=lambda c: SupervisionAssociation(client=c))

    @property
    def schedules(self):
        return list(chain(*[c.schedules for c in self.client_associations]))

class Client(User):
    __tablename__ = 'client'
    __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'client'}

    id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), primary_key = True)

    supervisors = association_proxy("supervisor_associations", "supervisor", 
                        creator=lambda s: SupervisionAssociation(supervisor=s))
    @property
    def schedules(self):
        return list(chain(*[s.schedules for s in self.supervisor_associations]))

class Schedule(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'schedule'
    __table_args__ = (
        ForeignKeyConstraint(['client_id', 'supervisor_id'], 
        ['supervision.client_id', 'supervision.supervisor_id']),
    )

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    client_id = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
    supervisor_id = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
    client = association_proxy("supervisor_association", "client")

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///temp.db', echo=True)
db_session = scoped_session(sessionmaker(bind=engine))
Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

c1, c2 = Client(), Client()
sp1, sp2 = Supervisor(), Supervisor()
sch1, sch2, sch3 = Schedule(), Schedule(), Schedule()

sp1.clients = [c1]
c2.supervisors = [sp2]
c2.supervisor_associations[0].schedules = [sch1, sch2]
c1.supervisor_associations[0].schedules = [sch3]

db_session.add_all([c1, c2, sp1, sp2, ])
db_session.commit()


print c1.schedules
print sp2.schedules