Windows cmd 编码更改导致 Python 崩溃

63 投票
10 回答
52240 浏览
提问于 2025-04-15 11:40

首先,我把Windows的命令提示符编码改成了utf-8,然后运行了Python解释器:

chcp 65001
python

接着,我尝试在里面打印一个unicode字符串,但当我这样做时,Python以一种奇怪的方式崩溃了(我只看到命令提示符在同一个窗口里)。

>>> import sys
>>> print u'ëèæîð'.encode(sys.stdin.encoding)

有没有人知道为什么会这样,以及怎么才能让它正常工作呢?

更新sys.stdin.encoding返回的是'cp65001'

更新2:我突然想到,这个问题可能和utf-8使用的多字节字符集有关(kcwu提到的这个观点很不错)。我尝试用'windows-1250'运行整个例子,结果得到了'ëeaî?'。因为Windows-1250使用的是单字符集,所以它能处理那些它能理解的字符。不过,我还是不知道怎么让'utf-8'在这里正常工作。

更新3:哦,我发现这是一个已知的Python错误。我猜发生的情况是,Python把命令提示符的编码'cp65001'复制到sys.stdin.encoding,并试图把它应用到所有输入上。由于它无法理解'cp65001',所以在遇到包含非ascii字符的输入时就崩溃了。

10 个回答

7

对我来说,在运行Python程序之前设置这个环境变量是有效的:

set PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8
48

设置PYTHONIOENCODING这个系统变量:

> chcp 65001
> set PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8
> python example.py
Encoding is utf-8

example.py的代码很简单:

import sys
print "Encoding is", sys.stdin.encoding
86

更新:在Python 3.6或更高版本中,Windows控制台可以直接打印Unicode字符串,没问题。

在Python 3.8或更高版本中,之前提到的底层错误已经被修复,具体是通过将 cp65001设置为utf-8的别名,正如Boris Verkhovskiy的回答所指出的。

所以,简单来说,升级到最新的Python版本就可以了。如果需要的话,我建议使用 2to3 来更新你的代码到Python 3.x,并且放弃对Python 2.x的支持。请注意,自从 2021年12月以来,Python 3.7之前的任何版本(包括Python 2.7)都没有安全支持。

如果你 真的 还需要支持早期版本的Python(包括Python 2.7),可以使用 https://github.com/Drekin/win-unicode-console,这个项目最初是基于这个回答中的代码,使用了 WriteConsoleW


之前的回答

下面是如何在不修改 encodings\aliases.py 的情况下将 cp65001 别名为UTF-8的方法:

import codecs
codecs.register(lambda name: codecs.lookup('utf-8') if name == 'cp65001' else None)

(在我看来,不用太在意关于 cp65001 和UTF-8不完全相同的争论,具体可以看 http://bugs.python.org/issue6058#msg97731。它的设计就是要相同,尽管微软的编码器有一些小问题。)

这里有一些代码(为Tahoe-LAFS编写,tahoe-lafs.org),可以让控制台输出在 chcp 代码页的情况下也能正常工作,并且可以读取Unicode命令行参数。感谢 Michael Kaplan 提出的这个解决方案。如果stdout或stderr被重定向,它将输出UTF-8。如果你想要字节顺序标记(Byte Order Mark),需要手动写入。

[编辑:这个版本使用了 WriteConsoleW,而不是MSVC运行库中的 _O_U8TEXT标志,因为后者有bug。虽然 WriteConsoleW 也有一些问题,但相对来说少一些。]

import sys
if sys.platform == "win32":
    import codecs
    from ctypes import WINFUNCTYPE, windll, POINTER, byref, c_int
    from ctypes.wintypes import BOOL, HANDLE, DWORD, LPWSTR, LPCWSTR, LPVOID

    original_stderr = sys.stderr

    # If any exception occurs in this code, we'll probably try to print it on stderr,
    # which makes for frustrating debugging if stderr is directed to our wrapper.
    # So be paranoid about catching errors and reporting them to original_stderr,
    # so that we can at least see them.
    def _complain(message):
        print >>original_stderr, message if isinstance(message, str) else repr(message)

    # Work around <http://bugs.python.org/issue6058>.
    codecs.register(lambda name: codecs.lookup('utf-8') if name == 'cp65001' else None)

    # Make Unicode console output work independently of the current code page.
    # This also fixes <http://bugs.python.org/issue1602>.
    # Credit to Michael Kaplan <http://www.siao2.com/2010/04/07/9989346.aspx>
    # and TZOmegaTZIOY
    # <http://stackoverflow.com/questions/878972/windows-cmd-encoding-change-causes-python-crash/1432462#1432462>.
    try:
        # <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683231(VS.85).aspx>
        # HANDLE WINAPI GetStdHandle(DWORD nStdHandle);
        # returns INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, or a valid handle
        #
        # <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364960(VS.85).aspx>
        # DWORD WINAPI GetFileType(DWORD hFile);
        #
        # <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683167(VS.85).aspx>
        # BOOL WINAPI GetConsoleMode(HANDLE hConsole, LPDWORD lpMode);

        GetStdHandle = WINFUNCTYPE(HANDLE, DWORD)(("GetStdHandle", windll.kernel32))
        STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = DWORD(-11)
        STD_ERROR_HANDLE = DWORD(-12)
        GetFileType = WINFUNCTYPE(DWORD, DWORD)(("GetFileType", windll.kernel32))
        FILE_TYPE_CHAR = 0x0002
        FILE_TYPE_REMOTE = 0x8000
        GetConsoleMode = WINFUNCTYPE(BOOL, HANDLE, POINTER(DWORD))(("GetConsoleMode", windll.kernel32))
        INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = DWORD(-1).value

        def not_a_console(handle):
            if handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE or handle is None:
                return True
            return ((GetFileType(handle) & ~FILE_TYPE_REMOTE) != FILE_TYPE_CHAR
                    or GetConsoleMode(handle, byref(DWORD())) == 0)

        old_stdout_fileno = None
        old_stderr_fileno = None
        if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'fileno'):
            old_stdout_fileno = sys.stdout.fileno()
        if hasattr(sys.stderr, 'fileno'):
            old_stderr_fileno = sys.stderr.fileno()

        STDOUT_FILENO = 1
        STDERR_FILENO = 2
        real_stdout = (old_stdout_fileno == STDOUT_FILENO)
        real_stderr = (old_stderr_fileno == STDERR_FILENO)

        if real_stdout:
            hStdout = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
            if not_a_console(hStdout):
                real_stdout = False

        if real_stderr:
            hStderr = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
            if not_a_console(hStderr):
                real_stderr = False

        if real_stdout or real_stderr:
            # BOOL WINAPI WriteConsoleW(HANDLE hOutput, LPWSTR lpBuffer, DWORD nChars,
            #                           LPDWORD lpCharsWritten, LPVOID lpReserved);

            WriteConsoleW = WINFUNCTYPE(BOOL, HANDLE, LPWSTR, DWORD, POINTER(DWORD), LPVOID)(("WriteConsoleW", windll.kernel32))

            class UnicodeOutput:
                def __init__(self, hConsole, stream, fileno, name):
                    self._hConsole = hConsole
                    self._stream = stream
                    self._fileno = fileno
                    self.closed = False
                    self.softspace = False
                    self.mode = 'w'
                    self.encoding = 'utf-8'
                    self.name = name
                    self.flush()

                def isatty(self):
                    return False

                def close(self):
                    # don't really close the handle, that would only cause problems
                    self.closed = True

                def fileno(self):
                    return self._fileno

                def flush(self):
                    if self._hConsole is None:
                        try:
                            self._stream.flush()
                        except Exception as e:
                            _complain("%s.flush: %r from %r" % (self.name, e, self._stream))
                            raise

                def write(self, text):
                    try:
                        if self._hConsole is None:
                            if isinstance(text, unicode):
                                text = text.encode('utf-8')
                            self._stream.write(text)
                        else:
                            if not isinstance(text, unicode):
                                text = str(text).decode('utf-8')
                            remaining = len(text)
                            while remaining:
                                n = DWORD(0)
                                # There is a shorter-than-documented limitation on the
                                # length of the string passed to WriteConsoleW (see
                                # <http://tahoe-lafs.org/trac/tahoe-lafs/ticket/1232>.
                                retval = WriteConsoleW(self._hConsole, text, min(remaining, 10000), byref(n), None)
                                if retval == 0 or n.value == 0:
                                    raise IOError("WriteConsoleW returned %r, n.value = %r" % (retval, n.value))
                                remaining -= n.value
                                if not remaining:
                                    break
                                text = text[n.value:]
                    except Exception as e:
                        _complain("%s.write: %r" % (self.name, e))
                        raise

                def writelines(self, lines):
                    try:
                        for line in lines:
                            self.write(line)
                    except Exception as e:
                        _complain("%s.writelines: %r" % (self.name, e))
                        raise

            if real_stdout:
                sys.stdout = UnicodeOutput(hStdout, None, STDOUT_FILENO, '<Unicode console stdout>')
            else:
                sys.stdout = UnicodeOutput(None, sys.stdout, old_stdout_fileno, '<Unicode redirected stdout>')

            if real_stderr:
                sys.stderr = UnicodeOutput(hStderr, None, STDERR_FILENO, '<Unicode console stderr>')
            else:
                sys.stderr = UnicodeOutput(None, sys.stderr, old_stderr_fileno, '<Unicode redirected stderr>')
    except Exception as e:
        _complain("exception %r while fixing up sys.stdout and sys.stderr" % (e,))


    # While we're at it, let's unmangle the command-line arguments:

    # This works around <http://bugs.python.org/issue2128>.
    GetCommandLineW = WINFUNCTYPE(LPWSTR)(("GetCommandLineW", windll.kernel32))
    CommandLineToArgvW = WINFUNCTYPE(POINTER(LPWSTR), LPCWSTR, POINTER(c_int))(("CommandLineToArgvW", windll.shell32))

    argc = c_int(0)
    argv_unicode = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), byref(argc))

    argv = [argv_unicode[i].encode('utf-8') for i in xrange(0, argc.value)]

    if not hasattr(sys, 'frozen'):
        # If this is an executable produced by py2exe or bbfreeze, then it will
        # have been invoked directly. Otherwise, unicode_argv[0] is the Python
        # interpreter, so skip that.
        argv = argv[1:]

        # Also skip option arguments to the Python interpreter.
        while len(argv) > 0:
            arg = argv[0]
            if not arg.startswith(u"-") or arg == u"-":
                break
            argv = argv[1:]
            if arg == u'-m':
                # sys.argv[0] should really be the absolute path of the module source,
                # but never mind
                break
            if arg == u'-c':
                argv[0] = u'-c'
                break

    # if you like:
    sys.argv = argv

最后,确实可以满足ΤΖΩΤΖΙΟΥ的愿望,使用DejaVu Sans Mono字体,这确实是个很棒的字体,来作为控制台字体。

你可以在 '命令窗口中可用字体的必要标准' Microsoft KB 找到关于字体要求和如何为Windows控制台添加新字体的信息。

但基本上,在Vista(可能在Win7也适用)上:

  • HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE_SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Console\TrueTypeFont 下,将 "0" 设置为 "DejaVu Sans Mono";
  • HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console 下的每个子键中,将 "FaceName" 设置为 "DejaVu Sans Mono"

在XP上,可以查看LockerGnome论坛中的主题 '更改命令提示符字体?'

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