如何在tkinter中切换两个框架?

131 投票
4 回答
259173 浏览
提问于 2025-04-17 03:02

我刚开始写了一些带有漂亮小界面的脚本,跟教程里教的一样,但没有一个教程告诉我,怎么处理更复杂的程序。

比如说,如果你有一个“开始菜单”,作为你的开场画面,用户选择后你需要切换到程序的不同部分,并且相应地重新绘制界面,这样做的优雅方法是什么呢?

是直接用 .destroy() 方法把“开始菜单”的框架删掉,然后再创建一个新的框架,里面放上另一个部分的控件吗?当用户按下返回按钮时,再把这个过程反过来做?

4 个回答

40

注意: 根据JDN96的说法,下面的答案可能会导致内存泄漏,因为它会反复销毁和重新创建框架。不过,我自己没有测试过来验证这一点。

tkinter中切换框架的一种方法是先销毁旧的框架,然后用新的框架替换它。

我对Bryan Oakley的答案进行了修改,先销毁旧框架再替换它。额外的好处是,这样就不需要一个container对象了,可以使用任何通用的Frame类。

# Multi-frame tkinter application v2.3
import tkinter as tk

class SampleApp(tk.Tk):
    def __init__(self):
        tk.Tk.__init__(self)
        self._frame = None
        self.switch_frame(StartPage)

    def switch_frame(self, frame_class):
        """Destroys current frame and replaces it with a new one."""
        new_frame = frame_class(self)
        if self._frame is not None:
            self._frame.destroy()
        self._frame = new_frame
        self._frame.pack()

class StartPage(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
        tk.Label(self, text="This is the start page").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
        tk.Button(self, text="Open page one",
                  command=lambda: master.switch_frame(PageOne)).pack()
        tk.Button(self, text="Open page two",
                  command=lambda: master.switch_frame(PageTwo)).pack()

class PageOne(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
        tk.Label(self, text="This is page one").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
        tk.Button(self, text="Return to start page",
                  command=lambda: master.switch_frame(StartPage)).pack()

class PageTwo(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
        tk.Label(self, text="This is page two").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
        tk.Button(self, text="Return to start page",
                  command=lambda: master.switch_frame(StartPage)).pack()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = SampleApp()
    app.mainloop()

开始页面 页面一 页面二

解释

switch_frame()的工作原理是接受任何实现了Frame的类对象。这个函数会创建一个新的框架来替换旧的框架。

  • 如果旧的_frame存在,就删除它,然后用新的框架替换。
  • .pack()添加的其他框架,比如菜单栏,不会受到影响。
  • 可以与任何实现了tkinter.Frame的类一起使用。
  • 窗口会自动调整大小以适应新的内容。

版本历史

v2.3

- Pack buttons and labels as they are initialized

v2.2

- Initialize `_frame` as `None`.
- Check if `_frame` is `None` before calling `.destroy()`.

v2.1.1

- Remove type-hinting for backwards compatibility with Python 3.4.

v2.1

- Add type-hinting for `frame_class`.

v2.0

- Remove extraneous `container` frame.
    - Application now works with any generic `tkinter.frame` instance.
- Remove `controller` argument from frame classes.
    - Frame switching is now done with `master.switch_frame()`.

v1.6

- Check if frame attribute exists before destroying it.
- Use `switch_frame()` to set first frame.

v1.5

  - Revert 'Initialize new `_frame` after old `_frame` is destroyed'.
      - Initializing the frame before calling `.destroy()` results
        in a smoother visual transition.

v1.4

- Pack frames in `switch_frame()`.
- Initialize new `_frame` after old `_frame` is destroyed.
    - Remove `new_frame` variable.

v1.3

- Rename `parent` to `master` for consistency with base `Frame` class.

v1.2

- Remove `main()` function.

v1.1

- Rename `frame` to `_frame`.
    - Naming implies variable should be private.
- Create new frame before destroying old frame.

v1.0

- Initial version.
45

这里有一个简单的答案,不过没有使用类。

from tkinter import *


def raise_frame(frame):
    frame.tkraise()

root = Tk()

f1 = Frame(root)
f2 = Frame(root)
f3 = Frame(root)
f4 = Frame(root)

for frame in (f1, f2, f3, f4):
    frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='news')

Button(f1, text='Go to frame 2', command=lambda:raise_frame(f2)).pack()
Label(f1, text='FRAME 1').pack()

Label(f2, text='FRAME 2').pack()
Button(f2, text='Go to frame 3', command=lambda:raise_frame(f3)).pack()

Label(f3, text='FRAME 3').pack(side='left')
Button(f3, text='Go to frame 4', command=lambda:raise_frame(f4)).pack(side='left')

Label(f4, text='FRAME 4').pack()
Button(f4, text='Goto to frame 1', command=lambda:raise_frame(f1)).pack()

raise_frame(f1)
root.mainloop()
241

一种方法是把多个框架(frames)叠在一起,然后你可以简单地把其中一个框架抬高,这样它就会在最上面,变得可见。这个方法最适合所有框架大小相同的情况,不过只要稍微动动脑筋,任何大小的框架也能做到。

注意:为了让这个方法有效,页面上的所有小部件(widgets)必须有这个页面(也就是 self)或者它的子类作为父级(或者说主控,根据你喜欢的术语来)。

这里有一个稍微复杂一点的例子,来帮助你理解这个概念:

try:
    import tkinter as tk                # python 3
    from tkinter import font as tkfont  # python 3
except ImportError:
    import Tkinter as tk     # python 2
    import tkFont as tkfont  # python 2

class SampleApp(tk.Tk):

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)

        self.title_font = tkfont.Font(family='Helvetica', size=18, weight="bold", slant="italic")

        # the container is where we'll stack a bunch of frames
        # on top of each other, then the one we want visible
        # will be raised above the others
        container = tk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        self.frames = {}
        for F in (StartPage, PageOne, PageTwo):
            page_name = F.__name__
            frame = F(parent=container, controller=self)
            self.frames[page_name] = frame

            # put all of the pages in the same location;
            # the one on the top of the stacking order
            # will be the one that is visible.
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")

        self.show_frame("StartPage")

    def show_frame(self, page_name):
        '''Show a frame for the given page name'''
        frame = self.frames[page_name]
        frame.tkraise()


class StartPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        self.controller = controller
        label = tk.Label(self, text="This is the start page", font=controller.title_font)
        label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)

        button1 = tk.Button(self, text="Go to Page One",
                            command=lambda: controller.show_frame("PageOne"))
        button2 = tk.Button(self, text="Go to Page Two",
                            command=lambda: controller.show_frame("PageTwo"))
        button1.pack()
        button2.pack()


class PageOne(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        self.controller = controller
        label = tk.Label(self, text="This is page 1", font=controller.title_font)
        label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
        button = tk.Button(self, text="Go to the start page",
                           command=lambda: controller.show_frame("StartPage"))
        button.pack()


class PageTwo(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        self.controller = controller
        label = tk.Label(self, text="This is page 2", font=controller.title_font)
        label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
        button = tk.Button(self, text="Go to the start page",
                           command=lambda: controller.show_frame("StartPage"))
        button.pack()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = SampleApp()
    app.mainloop()

开始页面 页面 1 页面 2

如果你觉得在类中创建实例这个概念有点混乱,或者不同的页面在构建时需要不同的参数,你可以明确地分别调用每个类。循环的主要作用是说明每个类是相同的。

例如,如果你想单独创建这些类,可以去掉循环(for F in (StartPage, ...)),用下面的方式:

self.frames["StartPage"] = StartPage(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["PageOne"] = PageOne(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["PageTwo"] = PageTwo(parent=container, controller=self)

self.frames["StartPage"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.frames["PageOne"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.frames["PageTwo"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")

随着时间的推移,人们使用这段代码(或者复制了这段代码的在线教程)作为起点提出了其他问题。你可能想看看这些问题的答案:

撰写回答