从修饰类中继承
我正在尝试用一个类来装饰另一个类。同时,我还想从被装饰的类继承,但遇到了一些错误。下面是我的代码:
class Decorator:
def __init__(self, decorated):
pass
@Decorator
class Foo:
pass
class Goo(Foo):
pass
当我尝试从 Foo
这个类继承时,出现的错误是:
错误追踪(最近的调用在最前面):
文件 "test.py",第 9 行,
类 Goo(Foo):
类型错误:__init__() 需要 2 个位置参数(给了 4 个)
通过在 Decorator
中添加另一个初始化函数...
def __init__(self, *args):
for arg in args:
print(arg)
... 我得到了以下输出:
<class '__main__.Foo'>
Goo
(<__main__.Decorator object at 0x010073B0>,)
{'__module__': '__main__'}
这些参数是什么,我应该如何在 Decorator
中使用它们呢?
3 个回答
我之前也遇到过同样的问题,下面这个解决办法对我有效:
from functools import update_wrapper
class decoratorBase():
def __new__(cls, logic):
self = object.__new__(cls)
self.__init__(logic)
def new (cls):
#cls is the decorated class type, not the decorator class type itself
self._createInstance(cls)
self._postInstanceCreation()
return self
self._logic.__new__ = new
#return the wrapped class and not a wrapper
return self._logic
def __init__(self, logic):
#logic is the decorated class
self._logic = logic
def _createInstance(self, cls):
self._logicInstance = object.__new__(cls)
self._logicInstance.__init__()
def _postInstanceCreation(self):
pass
class factory(decoratorBase):
def __init__(self, *largs, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*largs, **kwargs)
self.__instance = None
def _createInstance(self, cls):
self._logicInstance = None
self._cls = cls
def _postInstanceCreation(self):
update_wrapper(self, self._cls)
def __call__(self, userData, *largs, **kwargs):
logicInstance = object.__new__(self._cls)
logicInstance.__init__(*largs, **kwargs)
logicInstance._update(userData)
return logicInstance
class singelton(decoratorBase):
def _postInstanceCreation(self):
update_wrapper(self, self._logicInstance)
def __call__(self, userData):
self._logicInstance._update(userData)
return self._logicInstance
class base():
def __init__(self):
self.var = 0
print ("Create new object")
def __call__(self):
self.var += self._updateValue()
def _update(self, userData):
print ("Update object static value with {0}".format(userData))
self.var = userData
@factory
class factoryTestBase(base):
def __call__(self):
super().__call__()
print("I'm a factory, here is the proof: {0}".format(self.var))
def _updateValue(self):
return 1
class factoryTestDerived(factoryTestBase):
def _updateValue(self):
return 5
@singelton
class singeltonTestBase(base):
def __call__(self):
super().__call__()
print("I'm a singelton, here is the proof: {0}".format(self.var))
def _updateValue(self):
return 1
class singeltonTestDerived(singeltonTestBase):
def _updateValue(self):
return 5
这个方法的关键在于重载了 __new__()
方法,这个方法不仅适用于装饰器本身,也适用于装饰器返回的“包装器”。我把“包装器”放在引号里,因为实际上并没有真正的包装器。相反,装饰器会直接修改被装饰的类并返回它。通过这种方式,你可以从一个被装饰的类中继承。最重要的是被装饰类的 __new__()
方法的变化,这一点可以通过以下几行代码实现:
def new (cls):
self._createInstance(cls)
self._postInstanceCreation()
return self
self._logic.__new__ = new
使用这个方法,你可以在从被装饰类创建对象时访问装饰器的方法,比如 self._createInstance()
。你甚至可以从你的装饰器中继承(就像示例中展示的那样)。
现在让我们来运行一个简单的例子:
>>> factoryObjCreater = factoryTestBase()
>>> factoryObj1 = factoryObjCreater(userData = 1)
Create new object
Update object static value with 1
>>> factoryObj2 = factoryObjCreater(userData = 1)
Create new object
Update object static value with 1
>>> factoryObj1()
I'm a factory, here is the proof: 2
>>> factoryObj2()
I'm a factory, here is the proof: 2
>>> factoryObjDerivedCreater = factoryTestDerived()
>>> factoryObjDerived1 = factoryObjDerivedCreater(userData = 2)
Create new object
Update object static value with 2
>>> factoryObjDerived2 = factoryObjDerivedCreater(userData = 2)
Create new object
Update object static value with 2
>>> factoryObjDerived1()
I'm a factory, here is the proof: 7
>>> factoryObjDerived2()
I'm a factory, here is the proof: 7
>>> singeltonObjCreater = singeltonTestBase()
Create new object
>>> singeltonObj1 = singeltonObjCreater(userData = 1)
Update object static value with 1
>>> singeltonObj2 = singeltonObjCreater(userData = 1)
Update object static value with 1
>>> singeltonObj1()
I'm a singelton, here is the proof: 2
>>> singeltonObj2()
I'm a singelton, here is the proof: 3
>>> singeltonObjDerivedCreater = singeltonTestDerived()
Create new object
>>> singeltonObjDerived1 = singeltonObjDerivedCreater(userData = 2)
Update object static value with 2
>>> singeltonObjDerived2 = singeltonObjDerivedCreater(userData = 2)
Update object static value with 2
>>> singeltonObjDerived1()
I'm a singelton, here is the proof: 7
>>> singeltonObjDerived2()
I'm a singelton, here is the proof: 12
>>>
你是不是想在一个类定义之后再给它添加一个MixIn?
如果是这样的话,你可以用下面的方法来添加MixIn:
def inject_class(mixin):
def _inject_class(cls):
return type(cls.__name__,(mixin,)+cls.__bases__,dict(cls.__dict__))
return _inject_class
class MixIn(object):
def mix(self):
print('mix')
@inject_class(MixIn)
class Foo(object):
def foo(self):
print('foo')
class Goo(Foo):
def goo(self):
print('goo')
goo=Goo()
goo.mix()
goo.foo()
goo.goo()
这段代码会输出
mix
foo
goo
如果你不想用inject_class
那种通用的方法,你可以创建一个专门的类装饰器,只添加Decorator
:
def decorate(cls):
class Decorator(object):
def deco(self):
print('deco')
return type(cls.__name__,(Decorator,)+cls.__bases__,dict(cls.__dict__))
@decorate
class Foo(object):
def foo(self):
print('foo')
结果是一样的。
我来试着解释一下“那些参数是什么”这个问题。这段代码:
@Decorator
class Foo:
pass
其实是等同于:
class Foo:
pass
Foo = Decorator(Foo)
这意味着 Foo
最终变成了 Decorator 类的一个 实例,而不是一个类。
当你尝试把这个实例用作另一个类(Goo
)的基础时,Python 需要确定一个元类来创建这个新类。在这种情况下,它会使用 Foo.__class__
,也就是 Decorator
。然后它会用 (name, bases, dict)
这些参数来调用这个元类,并期待它返回一个新类。
这就是你在 Decorator.__init__
中看到这些参数的原因。
关于这个内容,你可以在这里找到更多信息: http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.2.3/descrintro/#metaclasses (特别是“当一个类语句被执行时……”那部分)