如何像Matlab的blkproc函数那样高效处理numpy数组的块？

Question

我在寻找一种好的方法，能够高效地把一张图片分成小区域，分别处理每个区域，然后把每个处理后的结果重新组合成一张完整的处理过的图片。在Matlab中，有一个叫做 blkproc 的工具（在新版Matlab中被 blockproc 替代了）。

在理想情况下，这个函数或类还应该支持输入矩阵中区域之间的重叠。在Matlab的帮助文档中，blkproc被定义为：

B = blkproc(A,[m n],[mborder nborder],fun,...)

• A 是你的输入矩阵，
• [m n] 是块的大小，
• [mborder, nborder] 是边界区域的大小（可选），
• fun 是要应用于每个块的函数。

我自己拼凑了一个方法，但觉得这个方法很笨拙，我敢打赌还有更好的办法。虽然有点不好意思，但我还是把我的代码贴出来：

import numpy as np

def segmented_process(M, blk_size=(16,16), overlap=(0,0), fun=None):
    rows = []
    for i in range(0, M.shape[0], blk_size[0]):
        cols = []
        for j in range(0, M.shape[1], blk_size[1]):
            cols.append(fun(M[i:i+blk_size[0], j:j+blk_size[1]]))
        rows.append(np.concatenate(cols, axis=1))
    return np.concatenate(rows, axis=0)

R = np.random.rand(128,128)
passthrough = lambda(x):x
Rprime = segmented_process(R, blk_size=(16,16), 
                           overlap=(0,0), 
                           fun=passthrough)

np.all(R==Rprime)

Answer 1

我把两种输入方式和我最初的方法进行了比较，结果显示，正如@eat所说，结果是跟你输入的数据类型有关的。令人惊讶的是，在某些情况下，连接操作的表现比视图处理还要好。每种方法都有它最适合的情况。下面是我的基准测试代码：

import numpy as np
from itertools import product

def segment_and_concatenate(M, fun=None, blk_size=(16,16), overlap=(0,0)):
    # truncate M to a multiple of blk_size
    M = M[:M.shape[0]-M.shape[0]%blk_size[0], 
          :M.shape[1]-M.shape[1]%blk_size[1]]
    rows = []
    for i in range(0, M.shape[0], blk_size[0]):
        cols = []
        for j in range(0, M.shape[1], blk_size[1]):
            max_ndx = (min(i+blk_size[0], M.shape[0]),
                       min(j+blk_size[1], M.shape[1]))
            cols.append(fun(M[i:max_ndx[0], j:max_ndx[1]]))
        rows.append(np.concatenate(cols, axis=1))
    return np.concatenate(rows, axis=0)


from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strided
def block_view(A, block= (3, 3)):
    """Provide a 2D block view to 2D array. No error checking made.
    Therefore meaningful (as implemented) only for blocks strictly
    compatible with the shape of A."""
    # simple shape and strides computations may seem at first strange
    # unless one is able to recognize the 'tuple additions' involved ;-)
    shape= (A.shape[0]/ block[0], A.shape[1]/ block[1])+ block
    strides= (block[0]* A.strides[0], block[1]* A.strides[1])+ A.strides
    return as_strided(A, shape= shape, strides= strides)

def segmented_stride(M, fun, blk_size=(3,3), overlap=(0,0)):
    # This is some complex function of blk_size and M.shape
    stride = blk_size
    output = np.zeros(M.shape)

    B = block_view(M, block=blk_size)
    O = block_view(output, block=blk_size)

    for b,o in zip(B, O):
        o[:,:] = fun(b);

    return output

def view_process(M, fun=None, blk_size=(16,16), overlap=None):
    # truncate M to a multiple of blk_size
    from itertools import product
    output = np.zeros(M.shape)

    dz = np.asarray(blk_size)
    shape = M.shape - (np.mod(np.asarray(M.shape), 
                          blk_size))
    for indices in product(*[range(0, stop, step) 
                        for stop,step in zip(shape, blk_size)]):
        # Don't overrun the end of the array.
        #max_ndx = np.min((np.asarray(indices) + dz, M.shape), axis=0)
        #slices = [slice(s, s + f, None) for s,f in zip(indices, dz)]
        output[indices[0]:indices[0]+dz[0], 
               indices[1]:indices[1]+dz[1]][:,:] = fun(M[indices[0]:indices[0]+dz[0], 
               indices[1]:indices[1]+dz[1]])

    return output

if __name__ == "__main__":
    R = np.random.rand(128,128)
    squareit = lambda(x):x*2

    from timeit import timeit
    t ={}
    kn = np.array(list(product((8,16,64,128), 
                               (128, 512, 2048, 4096))  ) )

    methods = ("segment_and_concatenate", 
               "view_process", 
               "segmented_stride")    
    t = np.zeros((kn.shape[0], len(methods)))

    for i, (k, N) in enumerate(kn):
        for j, method in enumerate(methods):
            t[i,j] = timeit("""Rprime = %s(R, blk_size=(%d,%d), 
                          overlap = (0,0), 
                          fun = squareit)""" % (method, k, k),
                   setup="""
from segmented_processing import %s
import numpy as np
R = np.random.rand(%d,%d)
squareit = lambda(x):x**2""" % (method, N, N),
number=5
)
        print "k =", k, "N =", N #, "time:", t[i]
        print ("    Speed up (view vs. concat, stride vs. concat): %0.4f, %0.4f" % (
                       t[i][0]/t[i][1], 
                       t[i][0]/t[i][2]))

接下来是结果：

注意，对于小块大小，分段步幅方法的表现比其他方法快3到4倍。只有在大块大小（128 x 128）和非常大的矩阵（2048 x 2048及以上）时，视图处理的方法才会胜出，而且优势也很小。根据这次比较，看来@eat赢得了认可！感谢你们两个提供了很好的例子！

Answer 2

处理数据时可以分成小块或视图来进行。把数据拼接在一起是非常耗费资源的。

for x in xrange(0, 160, 16):
    for y in xrange(0, 160, 16):
        view = A[x:x+16, y:y+16]
        view[:,:] = fun(view)

Answer 3

这里有一些不同的（没有循环的）处理块的例子：

import numpy as np
from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strided as ast

A= np.arange(36).reshape(6, 6)
print A
#[[ 0  1  2  3  4  5]
# [ 6  7  8  9 10 11]
# ...
# [30 31 32 33 34 35]]

# 2x2 block view
B= ast(A, shape= (3, 3, 2, 2), strides= (48, 8, 24, 4))
print B[1, 1]
#[[14 15]
# [20 21]]

# for preserving original shape
B[:, :]= np.dot(B[:, :], np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]]))
print A
#[[ 1  0  3  2  5  4]
# [ 7  6  9  8 11 10]
# ...
# [31 30 33 32 35 34]]
print B[1, 1]
#[[15 14]
# [21 20]]

# for reducing shape, processing in 3D is enough
C= B.reshape(3, 3, -1)
print C.sum(-1)
#[[ 14  22  30]
# [ 62  70  78]
# [110 118 126]]

所以，单纯地把 matlab 的功能复制到 numpy 并不总是最好的方法。有时候需要一些“灵活”的思维。

注意事项:
一般来说，基于步幅技巧的实现 可能（但不一定）会有一些性能损失。所以要随时准备好测量你的性能。无论如何，首先检查一下所需的功能（或者类似的功能，以便于轻松适应）是否已经在 numpy 或 scipy 中实现是明智的。

更新:
请注意，这里与 strides 没有真正的 魔法，所以我将提供一个简单的函数，用于获取任何合适的 2D numpy 数组的 block_view。那么我们开始吧：

from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strided as ast

def block_view(A, block= (3, 3)):
    """Provide a 2D block view to 2D array. No error checking made.
    Therefore meaningful (as implemented) only for blocks strictly
    compatible with the shape of A."""
    # simple shape and strides computations may seem at first strange
    # unless one is able to recognize the 'tuple additions' involved ;-)
    shape= (A.shape[0]/ block[0], A.shape[1]/ block[1])+ block
    strides= (block[0]* A.strides[0], block[1]* A.strides[1])+ A.strides
    return ast(A, shape= shape, strides= strides)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    from numpy import arange
    A= arange(144).reshape(12, 12)
    print block_view(A)[0, 0]
    #[[ 0  1  2]
    # [12 13 14]
    # [24 25 26]]
    print block_view(A, (2, 6))[0, 0]
    #[[ 0  1  2  3  4  5]
    # [12 13 14 15 16 17]]
    print block_view(A, (3, 12))[0, 0]
    #[[ 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11]
    # [12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23]
    # [24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35]]