错误：pip安装mysqlclient时子进程退出错误

Question

我在Ubuntu上安装MySQLClient的时候，执行了pip install mysqlclient，结果出现了这个错误：

Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Collecting mysqlclient
  Using cached mysqlclient-2.2.4.tar.gz (90 kB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [27 lines of output]
      /bin/sh: 1: pkg-config: not found
      /bin/sh: 1: pkg-config: not found
      /bin/sh: 1: pkg-config: not found
      Trying pkg-config --exists mysqlclient
      Command 'pkg-config --exists mysqlclient' returned non-zero exit status 127.
      Trying pkg-config --exists mariadb
      Command 'pkg-config --exists mariadb' returned non-zero exit status 127.
      Trying pkg-config --exists libmariadb
      Command 'pkg-config --exists libmariadb' returned non-zero exit status 127.
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "/home/ubuntu/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 353, in <module>
          main()
        File "/home/ubuntu/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 335, in main
          json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
        File "/home/ubuntu/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 118, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return hook(config_settings)
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-8kpxdgiv/overlay/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 325, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return self._get_build_requires(config_settings, requirements=['wheel'])
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-8kpxdgiv/overlay/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 295, in _get_build_requires
          self.run_setup()
        File "/tmp/pip-build-env-8kpxdgiv/overlay/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 311, in run_setup
          exec(code, locals())
        File "<string>", line 155, in <module>
        File "<string>", line 49, in get_config_posix
        File "<string>", line 28, in find_package_name
      Exception: Can not find valid pkg-config name.
      Specify MYSQLCLIENT_CFLAGS and MYSQLCLIENT_LDFLAGS env vars manually
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

我尝试过一些方法，但都没用：

1. pip install --upgrade setuptools - 这个是用来升级一个工具的。
2. pip install ez_setup - 这个也是一个工具的安装。
3. sudo apt install mysql-server - 我真的需要安装这个吗？
4. sudo apt-get install python3-dev default-libmysqlclient-dev build-essential pkg-config - 这个是安装一些开发工具和库。

我还尝试了：

5. pip install mysql-python，结果又出现了这个错误：

error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × python setup.py egg_info did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [8 lines of output]
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<string>", line 2, in <module>
        File "<pip-setuptools-caller>", line 34, in <module>
        File "/tmp/pip-install-77bsfwx4/mysql-python_29535e9daccf4d7faed69e2300c5ded7/setup.py", line 13, in <module>
          from setup_posix import get_config
        File "/tmp/pip-install-77bsfwx4/mysql-python_29535e9daccf4d7faed69e2300c5ded7/setup_posix.py", line 2, in <module>
          from ConfigParser import SafeConfigParser
      ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'ConfigParser'
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

请注意，我是在没有虚拟环境的情况下安装的，这样可以吗？我正在尝试把我的网站部署到AWS EC2上。期待你们的建议。谢谢！

最后，我加了这个命令：sudo apt install libffi-dev，看起来这个方法有效。希望这个能帮助到其他在EC2上遇到同样问题的人。

Answer 1

所以，要在Ubuntu的EC2服务器上安装MySQLClient，你需要：

第一步：

sudo apt-get install python3-dev default-libmysqlclient-dev build-essential pkg-config

第二步：

sudo apt install libffi-dev

然后你就可以成功地：

pip install mysqlclient

这个方法我已经在两个EC2实例上成功使用过两次。