在Python类中定义常量,self真的必要吗?
我想在一个类里面定义一组常量,像这样:
class Foo(object):
(NONEXISTING,VAGUE,CONFIRMED) = (0,1,2)
def __init__(self):
self.status = VAGUE
但是,我遇到了这个问题:
NameError: global name 'VAGUE' is not defined
有没有办法在类里面定义这些常量,让它们可见,而不需要使用 global 或者 self.NONEXISTING = 0 这种方式呢?
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5 个回答
4
这个方法绝对不推荐在任何代码中使用,但下面这种丑陋的黑客方式是可以做到的。我这样做只是为了更好地理解Python的AST API,所以任何在实际代码中使用这个方法的人都应该被制止,以免造成伤害 :-)
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8-unix -*-
#
# AST hack to replace symbol reference in instance methods,
# so it will be resolved as a reference to class variables.
#
import inspect, types, ast
def trim(src):
lines = src.split("\n")
start = lines[0].lstrip()
n = lines[0].index(start)
src = "\n".join([line[n:] for line in lines])
return src
#
# Method decorator that replaces symbol reference in a method
# so it will use symbols in belonging class instead of the one
# in global namespace.
#
def nsinclude(*args):
# usecase: @nsinclude()
# use classname in calling frame as a fallback
stack = inspect.stack()
opts = [stack[1][3]]
def wrap(func):
if func.func_name == "tempfunc":
return func
def invoke(*args, **kw):
base = eval(opts[0])
src = trim(inspect.getsource(func))
basenode = ast.parse(src)
class hackfunc(ast.NodeTransformer):
def visit_Name(self, node):
try:
# if base class (set in @nsinclude) can resolve
# given name, modify AST node to use that instead
val = getattr(base, node.id)
newnode = ast.parse("%s.%s" % (opts[0], node.id))
newnode = next(ast.iter_child_nodes(newnode))
newnode = next(ast.iter_child_nodes(newnode))
ast.copy_location(newnode, node)
return ast.fix_missing_locations(newnode)
except:
return node
class hackcode(ast.NodeVisitor):
def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
if func.func_name != "tempfunc":
node.name = "tempfunc"
hackfunc().visit(node)
hackcode().visit(basenode)
newmod = compile(basenode, '<ast>', 'exec')
eval(newmod)
newfunc = eval("tempfunc")
newfunc(*args, **kw)
return invoke
# usecase: @nsinclude
if args and isinstance(args[0], types.FunctionType):
return wrap(args[0])
# usecase: @nsinclude("someclass")
if args and args[0]:
opts[0] = args[0]
return wrap
class Bar:
FOO = 987
BAR = 876
class Foo:
FOO = 123
BAR = 234
# import from belonging class
@nsinclude
def dump1(self, *args):
print("dump1: FOO = " + str(FOO))
# import from specified class (Bar)
@nsinclude("Bar")
def dump2(self, *args):
print("dump2: BAR = " + str(BAR))
Foo().dump1()
Foo().dump2()
11
试试用这个代替:
self.status = VAGUE
这个:
self.status = Foo.VAGUE
你必须指定类
39
当你在类的主体中给名字赋值时,其实是在创建这个类的属性。你不能直接使用这些属性,必须通过类来引用它们,可以直接用 Foo.VAGUE,也可以用 self.VAGUE。不过,你不需要给 self 的属性重新赋值。
通常情况下,使用 self.VAGUE 是比较合适的,因为这样可以让子类重新定义这个属性,而不需要重新实现所有使用这个属性的方法。虽然在这个例子中这样做似乎不太合理,但谁知道呢。