多态的实际示例
有没有人能给我一个现实生活中的多态性实际例子?我的教授总是给我讲那些老掉牙的故事,比如说+
运算符。a+b = c
和2+2 = 4
,所以这就是多态性。我真的无法和这样的定义产生联系,因为我在很多书里都读过这些。
我需要的是一个能让我真正理解的现实世界的例子,最好还有代码。
比如,这里有一个小例子,万一你想扩展一下。
>>> class Person(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
>>> class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, age):
super(Student, self).__init__(name)
self.age = age
3 个回答
6
上面回答中提到的一个C++多态性的例子是:
class Animal {
public:
Animal(const std::string& name) : name_(name) {}
virtual ~Animal() {}
virtual std::string talk() = 0;
std::string name_;
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
virtual std::string talk() { return "woof!"; }
};
class Cat : public Animal {
public:
virtual std::string talk() { return "meow!"; }
};
void main() {
Cat c("Miffy");
Dog d("Spot");
// This shows typical inheritance and basic polymorphism, as the objects are typed by definition and cannot change types at runtime.
printf("%s says %s\n", c.name_.c_str(), c.talk().c_str());
printf("%s says %s\n", d.name_.c_str(), d.talk().c_str());
Animal* c2 = new Cat("Miffy"); // polymorph this animal pointer into a cat!
Animal* d2 = new Dog("Spot"); // or a dog!
// This shows full polymorphism as the types are only known at runtime,
// and the execution of the "talk" function has to be determined by
// the runtime type, not by the type definition, and can actually change
// depending on runtime factors (user choice, for example).
printf("%s says %s\n", c2->name_.c_str(), c2->talk().c_str());
printf("%s says %s\n", d2->name_.c_str(), d2->talk().c_str());
// This will not compile as Animal cannot be instanced with an undefined function
Animal c;
Animal* c = new Animal("amby");
// This is fine, however
Animal* a; // hasn't been polymorphed yet, so okay.
}
168
看看维基百科的例子:它在高层次上非常有帮助:
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name): # Constructor of the class
self.name = name
def talk(self): # Abstract method, defined by convention only
raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abstract method")
class Cat(Animal):
def talk(self):
return 'Meow!'
class Dog(Animal):
def talk(self):
return 'Woof! Woof!'
animals = [Cat('Missy'),
Cat('Mr. Mistoffelees'),
Dog('Lassie')]
for animal in animals:
print animal.name + ': ' + animal.talk()
# prints the following:
#
# Missy: Meow!
# Mr. Mistoffelees: Meow!
# Lassie: Woof! Woof!
注意以下几点:所有动物都会“说话”,但它们的说话方式不同。因此,“说话”这种行为在这里是多态的,意思是它会根据不同的动物以不同的方式表现出来。所以,抽象的“动物”概念其实并不“说话”,而是具体的动物(比如狗和猫)有自己特定的“说话”实现。
同样,“加法”这个操作在很多数学对象中都有定义,但在特定情况下你会根据特定的规则来“加”:比如1+1=2,但(1+2i)+(2-9i)=(3-7i)。
多态行为让你可以在“抽象”的层面上定义共同的方法,然后在具体的实例中实现它们。
以你的例子为例:
class Person(object):
def pay_bill(self):
raise NotImplementedError
class Millionare(Person):
def pay_bill(self):
print "Here you go! Keep the change!"
class GradStudent(Person):
def pay_bill(self):
print "Can I owe you ten bucks or do the dishes?"
你看,百万富翁和研究生都是人。但在付账的时候,他们的具体“付账”方式就不同了。