Python中使用finditer()查找重叠匹配

Question

我正在使用正则表达式来匹配文本中的圣经经文引用。目前的正则表达式是

REF_REGEX = re.compile('''
  (?<!\w)                        # Not preceded by any words
  (?P<quote>q(?:uote)?\s+)?      # Match optional 'q' or 'quote' followed by many spaces
  (?P<book>                           
    (?:(?:[1-3]|I{1,3})\s*)?     # Match an optional arabic or roman number between 1 and 3.
    [A-Za-z]+                    # Match any alphabetics
  )\.?                           # Followed by an optional dot
  (?:                         
    \s*(?P<chapter>\d+)          # Match the chapter number
    (?:
      [:\.](?P<startverse>\d+)   # Match the starting verse number, preceded by ':' or '.'
        (?:-(?P<endverse>\d+))?  # Match the optional ending verse number, preceded by '-'
    )?                           # Verse numbers are optional
  )
  (?:
    \s+(?:                       # Here be spaces
      (?:from\s+)|(?:in\s+)|(?P<lbrace>\())   # Match 'from[:space:]', 'in[:space:]' or '('
      \s*(?P<version>\w+)        # Match a word preceded by optional spaces
      (?(lbrace)\))              # Close the '(' if found earlier
  )?                             # The whole 'in|from|()' is optional
  ''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE | re.UNICODE)

这个表达式可以很好地匹配以下内容：

"jn 3:16":                           (None, 'jn', '3', '16', None, None, None),
"matt. 18:21-22":                    (None, 'matt', '18', '21', '22', None, None),
"q matt. 18:21-22":                  ('q ', 'matt', '18', '21', '22', None, None),
"QuOTe jn 3:16":                     ('QuOTe ', 'jn', '3', '16', None, None, None),
"q 1co13:1":                         ('q ', '1co', '13', '1', None, None, None), 
"q 1 co 13:1":                       ('q ', '1 co', '13', '1', None, None, None),
"quote 1 co 13:1":                   ('quote ', '1 co', '13', '1', None, None, None),
"quote 1co13:1":                     ('quote ', '1co', '13', '1', None, None, None),
"jean 3:18 (PDV)":                   (None, 'jean', '3', '18', None, '(', 'PDV'),
"quote malachie 1.1-2 fRom Colombe": ('quote ', 'malachie', '1', '1', '2', None, 'Colombe'),
"quote malachie 1.1-2 In Colombe":   ('quote ', 'malachie', '1', '1', '2', None, 'Colombe'),
"cinq jn 3:16 (test)":               (None, 'jn', '3', '16', None, '(', 'test'),
"Q   IIKings5.13-58   from   wolof": ('Q     ', 'IIKings', '5', '13', '58', None, 'wolof'),
"This text is about lv5.4-6 in KJV only": (None, 'lv', '5', '4', '6', None, 'KJV'),

但是它无法解析：

"Found in 2 Cor. 5:18-21 ( Ministers":                    (None, '2 Cor', '5', '18', '21', None, None),

因为它返回的是 (None, 'in', '2', None, None, None, None)。

有没有办法让finditer()返回所有匹配项，即使它们重叠，或者有没有办法改进我的正则表达式，以便它能正确匹配最后这一部分？

谢谢。

Answer 1

一个字符被处理掉了，就真的处理掉了，你不应该让正则表达式引擎回头去找。

从你的例子来看，像 :1 这样的部分似乎是必须的。如果去掉它，可能就能匹配到最后那部分内容。

ref_regex = re.compile('''
(?<!\w)                      # Not preceeded by any words
((?i)q(?:uote)?\s+)?            # Match 'q' or 'quote' followed by many spaces
(
    (?:(?:[1-3]|I{1,3})\s*)?    # Match an arabic or roman number between 1 and 3.
    [A-Za-z]+                   # Match many alphabetics
)\.?                            # Followed by an optional dot
(?:
    \s*(\d+)                    # Match the chapter number
    (?:
        [:.](\d+)               # Match the verse number
        (?:-(\d+))?             # Match the ending verse number
    )                    # <-- no '?' here
)
(?:
    \s+
    (?:
        (?i)(?:from\s+)|        # Match the keyword 'from' or 'in'
        (?:in\s+)|
        (?P<lbrace>\()      # or stuff between (...)
    )\s*(\w+)
    (?(lbrace)\))
)?
''', re.X | re.U)

（如果你要写这么复杂的正则表达式，请使用 /x 这个标志。）

---

如果你真的需要重叠的匹配，可以使用前瞻。一个简单的例子是

>>> rx = re.compile('(.)(?=(.))')
>>> x = rx.finditer("abcdefgh")
>>> [y.groups() for y in x]
[('a', 'b'), ('b', 'c'), ('c', 'd'), ('d', 'e'), ('e', 'f'), ('f', 'g'), ('g', 'h')]

你可以把这个想法扩展到你的正则表达式中。