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Matplotlib在循环绘图时内存不足

40 投票
5 回答
72098 浏览
提问于 2025-04-15 19:55

我有一个比较简单的绘图程序，代码大致是这样的：

from __future__ import division
import datetime
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('Agg')
from matplotlib.pyplot import figure, plot, show, legend, close, savefig, rcParams
import numpy
from globalconstants import *

    def plotColumns(columnNumbers, t, out, showFig=False, filenamePrefix=None, saveFig=True, saveThumb=True):
        lineProps = ['b', 'r', 'g', 'c', 'm', 'y', 'k', 'b--', 'r--', 'g--', 'c--', 'm--', 'y--', 'k--', 'g--', 'b.-', 'r.-', 'g.-', 'c.-', 'm.-', 'y.-', 'k.-']

        rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (13,11)
        for i in columnNumbers:
            plot(t, out[:,i], lineProps[i])

        legendStrings = list(numpy.zeros(NUMCOMPONENTS)) 
        legendStrings[GLUCOSE] = 'GLUCOSE'
        legendStrings[CELLULOSE] = 'CELLULOSE'
        legendStrings[STARCH] = 'STARCH'
        legendStrings[ACETATE] = 'ACETATE'
        legendStrings[BUTYRATE] = 'BUTYRATE'
        legendStrings[SUCCINATE] = 'SUCCINATE'
        legendStrings[HYDROGEN] = 'HYDROGEN'
        legendStrings[PROPIONATE] = 'PROPIONATE'
        legendStrings[METHANE] = "METHANE"

        legendStrings[RUMINOCOCCUS] = 'RUMINOCOCCUS'
        legendStrings[METHANOBACTERIUM] = "METHANOBACTERIUM"
        legendStrings[BACTEROIDES] = 'BACTEROIDES'
        legendStrings[SELENOMONAS] = 'SELENOMONAS'
        legendStrings[CLOSTRIDIUM] = 'CLOSTRIDIUM'

        legendStrings = [legendStrings[i] for i in columnNumbers]
        legend(legendStrings, loc='best')

        dt = datetime.datetime.now()
        dtAsString = dt.strftime('%d-%m-%Y_%H-%M-%S')

        if filenamePrefix is None:
            filenamePrefix = ''

        if filenamePrefix != '' and filenamePrefix[-1] != '_':
            filenamePrefix += '_'

        if saveFig: 
            savefig(filenamePrefix+dtAsString+'.eps')

        if saveThumb:
            savefig(filenamePrefix+dtAsString+'.png', dpi=300)


        if showFig: f.show()

        close('all')

当我单独运行这个程序时，一切都很正常。但是，一旦我把它放进一个循环里，matplotlib就开始出问题了...

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "c4hm_param_variation_h2_conc.py", line 148, in <module>
    plotColumns(columnNumbers, timeVector, out, showFig=False, filenamePrefix='c
4hm_param_variation_h2_conc_'+str(hydrogen_conc), saveFig=False, saveThumb=True)

  File "D:\phdproject\alexander paper\python\v3\plotcolumns.py", line 48, in plo
tColumns
    savefig(filenamePrefix+dtAsString+'.png', dpi=300)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\pyplot.py", line 356, in savefi
g
    return fig.savefig(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\figure.py", line 1032, in savef
ig
    self.canvas.print_figure(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\backend_bases.py", line 1476, i
n print_figure
    **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\backends\backend_agg.py", line
358, in print_png
    FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\backends\backend_agg.py", line
314, in draw
    self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\artist.py", line 46, in draw_wr
apper
    draw(artist, renderer, *kl)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\figure.py", line 773, in draw
    for a in self.axes: a.draw(renderer)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\artist.py", line 46, in draw_wr
apper
    draw(artist, renderer, *kl)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\axes.py", line 1735, in draw
    a.draw(renderer)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\artist.py", line 46, in draw_wr
apper
    draw(artist, renderer, *kl)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\legend.py", line 374, in draw
    bbox = self._legend_box.get_window_extent(renderer)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\offsetbox.py", line 209, in get
_window_extent
    px, py = self.get_offset(w, h, xd, yd)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\offsetbox.py", line 162, in get
_offset
    return self._offset(width, height, xdescent, ydescent)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\legend.py", line 360, in findof
fset
    return _findoffset(width, height, xdescent, ydescent, renderer)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\legend.py", line 325, in _findo
ffset_best
    ox, oy = self._find_best_position(width, height, renderer)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\legend.py", line 817, in _find_
best_position
    verts, bboxes, lines = self._auto_legend_data()
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\legend.py", line 669, in _auto_
legend_data
    tpath = trans.transform_path(path)
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\transforms.py", line 1911, in t
ransform_path
    self._a.transform_path(path))
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\transforms.py", line 1122, in t
ransform_path
    return Path(self.transform(path.vertices), path.codes,
  File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\transforms.py", line 1402, in t
ransform
    return affine_transform(points, mtx)
MemoryError: Could not allocate memory for path

这个问题发生在第二次循环时（从1开始算），如果这有影响的话。我的代码是在Windows XP 32位系统上运行的，使用的是python 2.5，matplotlib 0.99.1，numpy 1.3.0和scipy 0.7.1。

更新：现在代码已经更新，实际上崩溃发生在调用legend()的时候。如果把这个调用注释掉，问题就解决了，不过显然，我还是希望能在我的图表上加上图例...

内存管理 数据可视化 numpy scipy windows xp matplotlib 图例 循环绘图

5 个回答

15

ninjasmith的回答对我也有用 - pyplot.close() 让我的循环可以正常工作。

在pyplot的教程中，处理多个图形和坐标轴提到：

你可以用clf()来清空当前的图形，用cla()来清空当前的坐标轴。如果你觉得这种状态管理很烦人，不用担心，这只是一个简单的状态管理包装，实际上你可以使用面向对象的API（可以参考艺术家教程）。

如果你要制作一系列的图形，还需要注意一点：图形所需的内存不会完全释放，直到你用close()明确关闭这个图形。仅仅删除对这个图形的所有引用，或者使用窗口管理器关闭显示图形的窗口，是不够的，因为pyplot会保持内部引用，直到你调用close()。

回答于 2025-04-15 由 Python大师
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34

我也遇到过这个错误。看起来解决这个问题的方法是

while True:
    fig = pyplot.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
    ax.plot(x,y)
    ax.legend(legendStrings, loc = 'best')
    fig.savefig('himom.png')
    #new bit here
    pylab.close(fig) #where f is the figure

现在我的循环运行得很稳定，虽然内存有波动，但没有持续增加。

回答于 2025-04-15 由 Python大师
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37

每次循环都应该生成一个新的图形吗？我没有看到你在每次循环中关闭图形或者创建新的图形实例。

这段代码会在你循环结束后保存图形的同时清空当前的图形：

pyplot.clf()

不过，我建议你重构一下代码，让它更面向对象，每次循环时都创建一个新的图形实例：

from matplotlib import pyplot

while True:
  fig = pyplot.figure()
  ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
  ax.plot(x,y)
  ax.legend(legendStrings, loc = 'best')
  fig.savefig('himom.png')
  # etc....
回答于 2025-04-15 由 Python大师
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