如何在不调用初始化方法的情况下创建类实例?

44 投票
4 回答
52782 浏览
提问于 2025-04-15 18:40

有没有办法在初始化一个类的时候不调用 __init__ 方法,比如通过类方法来实现?

我正在尝试创建一个不区分大小写和标点符号的字符串类,用于高效比较,但在没有调用 __init__ 的情况下创建新实例时遇到了问题。

>>> class String:

    def __init__(self, string):
        self.__string = tuple(string.split())
        self.__simple = tuple(self.__simple())

    def __simple(self):
        letter = lambda s: ''.join(filter(lambda s: 'a' <= s <= 'z', s))
        return filter(bool, map(letter, map(str.lower, self.__string)))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        assert isinstance(other, String)
        return self.__simple == other.__simple

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        assert isinstance(key, slice)
        string = String()
        string.__string = self.__string[key]
        string.__simple = self.__simple[key]
        return string

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.__string)

>>> String('Hello, world!')[1:]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
    String('Hello, world!')[1:]
  File "<pyshell#1>", line 17, in __getitem__
    string = String()
TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 positional arguments (1 given)
>>> 

我应该用什么来替换 string = String(); string.__string = self.__string[key]; string.__simple = self.__simple[key],以便用切片来初始化这个新对象?

编辑:

受到下面答案的启发,初始化方法已经被修改,以快速检查是否没有传入参数。

def __init__(self, string=None):
    if string is None:
        self.__string = self.__simple = ()
    else:
        self.__string = tuple(string.split())
        self.__simple = tuple(self.__simple())

4 个回答

14

标准的pickle和copy模块使用的一个技巧是先创建一个空的类,然后用这个空类来实例化对象,最后再把这个实例的__class__属性指向“真实”的类。例如:

>>> class MyClass(object):
...     init = False
...     def __init__(self):
...         print 'init called!'
...         self.init = True
...     def hello(self):
...         print 'hello world!'
... 
>>> class Empty(object):
...     pass
... 
>>> a = MyClass()
init called!
>>> a.hello()
hello world!
>>> print a.init
True
>>> b = Empty()
>>> b.__class__ = MyClass
>>> b.hello()
hello world!
>>> print b.init
False

不过要注意,这种方法很少需要使用。跳过__init__方法可能会带来一些意想不到的副作用,特别是如果你对原来的类不太了解,所以一定要确保你知道自己在做什么。

63

在可能的情况下,让 __init__ 被调用是比较好的做法(而且可以通过合适的参数让这个调用变得简单)。不过,如果这样做太复杂,你还有其他选择,只要你避免使用旧式类(在新代码中没有好的理由使用旧式类,而且有很多不使用它的好理由)……:

   class String(object):
      ...

   bare_s = String.__new__(String)

这种写法通常用在 classmethod 中,这些方法被设计成“替代构造函数”,所以你通常会看到它以这样的方式使用……:

@classmethod 
def makeit(cls):
    self = cls.__new__(cls)
    # etc etc, then
    return self

(这样,当在子类上调用时,类方法会正确地被继承,并生成子类的实例,而不是基类的实例)。

2

使用元类在这个例子中提供了一个不错的解决方案。虽然元类的用处有限,但在这里效果很好。

>>> class MetaInit(type):

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if args or kwargs:
            return super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls.__new__(cls)

>>> class String(metaclass=MetaInit):

    def __init__(self, string):
        self.__string = tuple(string.split())
        self.__simple = tuple(self.__simple())

    def __simple(self):
        letter = lambda s: ''.join(filter(lambda s: 'a' <= s <= 'z', s))
        return filter(bool, map(letter, map(str.lower, self.__string)))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        assert isinstance(other, String)
        return self.__simple == other.__simple

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        assert isinstance(key, slice)
        string = String()
        string.__string = self.__string[key]
        string.__simple = self.__simple[key]
        return string

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.__string)

>>> String('Hello, world!')[1:]
<__main__.String object at 0x02E78830>
>>> _._String__string, _._String__simple
(('world!',), ('world',))
>>> 

补充:

六年后,我更倾向于Alex Martelli的回答,而不是我自己的方法。考虑到元类,下面的回答展示了如何在有和没有元类的情况下解决这个问题:

#! /usr/bin/env python3
METHOD = 'metaclass'


class NoInitMeta(type):
    def new(cls):
        return cls.__new__(cls)


class String(metaclass=NoInitMeta if METHOD == 'metaclass' else type):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.__value = tuple(value.split())
        self.__alpha = tuple(filter(None, (
            ''.join(c for c in word.casefold() if 'a' <= c <= 'z') for word in
            self.__value)))

    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join(self.__value)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__alpha == other.__alpha

    if METHOD == 'metaclass':
        def __getitem__(self, key):
            if not isinstance(key, slice):
                raise NotImplementedError
            instance = type(self).new()
            instance.__value = self.__value[key]
            instance.__alpha = self.__alpha[key]
            return instance
    elif METHOD == 'classmethod':
        def __getitem__(self, key):
            if not isinstance(key, slice):
                raise NotImplementedError
            instance = self.new()
            instance.__value = self.__value[key]
            instance.__alpha = self.__alpha[key]
            return instance

        @classmethod
        def new(cls):
            return cls.__new__(cls)
    elif METHOD == 'inline':
        def __getitem__(self, key):
            if not isinstance(key, slice):
                raise NotImplementedError
            cls = type(self)
            instance = cls.__new__(cls)
            instance.__value = self.__value[key]
            instance.__alpha = self.__alpha[key]
            return instance
    else:
        raise ValueError('METHOD did not have an appropriate value')

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.__value)


def main():
    x = String('Hello, world!')
    y = x[1:]
    print(y)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

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